Editing People smuggling (section)

==Criminal elements==

People smuggling – specifically migrant smuggling – constitutes criminal conduct. However, criminal elements of smuggling may reach beyond the sphere of human smuggling. In a testimony before Congress, William D. Cadman – INS counterterrorism coordinator – stated, "Organized crime syndicates...are known to use alien-smuggling operations to support and further their criminal objectives".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/1998/0505immigration_skerry.aspx?p=1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103192506/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/1998/0505immigration_skerry.aspx?p=1 |url-status=dead |title=The Cost of a Tighter Border: People-Smuggling Networks |work=Brookings Institution |archivedate=3 November 2007}}</ref> 
	
Given the dangerous and clandestine criminal nature of people smuggling operations, smuggled persons are sometimes at risk of becoming victims of other crimes. Aside from subjection to unsafe conditions in their journeys to their destinations, smuggled individuals may also be subject to physical or sexual abuse or placed in hostage-like conditions until their debts are paid off.  Others might face exploitation or be forced to participate in other criminal activities during their journey as smuggled individuals. Because smuggling can generate substantial profits for those involved, which in turn can fuel corruption and organized crime in countries traveled from, through, or to during the smuggling process.

Countries that have ratified the Migrant Smuggling Protocol are obligated to ensure migrant smuggling offences are criminal in their national laws. The UN has produced a Model Law that sets out minimum and recommended provisions for national laws on migrant smuggling. This includes model criminal offence provisions (see further, UNODC, Model Law against the Smuggling of Migrants).<ref>{{Cite book |last=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Model_Law_Smuggling_of_Migrants_10-52715_Ebook.pdf |title=Model Law against the Smuggling of Migrants |date=October 2010 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Drug trafficking===

Given the clandestine but booming nature of people smuggling operations – especially in places like Mexico – [[drug cartel]]s have also begun tapping into the smuggling network. Cartels have made money not only by taxing Coyotes but also directly engaging in the business of smuggling. In the late 1990s, Mexican drug cartels began initially moving into people smuggling by taxing Coyotes for leading bands of smuggled people across cartel-controlled territory. As these drug cartels have gotten more directly involved, however, they are beginning to play a more central role in the business of people smuggling and often exploit individuals – seen as human cargo – and using them by loading them up with backpacks full of marijuana. Sometimes, the costs of the expensive journey may be defrayed as migrants serve as "mules", carrying drugs out of Mexico.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Mexican-drug-cartels-move-into-human-smuggling-3221740.php |author=Francis, David |newspaper=Chronicle Foreign Service |date=17 May 2001 |title=Mexican border tightens over drug-hit fear |access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref>

The questions of whether smuggling groups or syndicates would smuggle two different types of contraband at the same time (Multiple Consignment Contraband) (MCC) has been debated within and between law enforcement and intelligence analysts.  Furthermore, if this type of smuggling is occurring, which types of MCC are most likely to be bundled together and which type of smuggling group (defined by level of sophistication) would engage in MCC and which regions in the world are most likely to be confronted with MCC also has been discussed by these analysts.<ref>Lichtenwald, Terrance G., Perri, Frank S., and MacKenzie, Paula (2009). [http://www.all-about-forensic-science.com/support-files/smuggling.pdf Smuggling Multi-Consignment Contraband: Isolated Incidents or a New Trend?] Inside Homeland Security, 17–31.</ref>
The Lichtenwald, Perri and MacKenzie article identified sixteen cases of different smuggling groups smuggling more than one type of contraband at the same time. Four of the sixteen cases involved MCC human and drug smuggling. Three of the four MCC human and drug smuggling organizations were targeting the United States of America.