Editing Peering (section)

=== Donut peering model ===

The "donut peering" model<ref name="PCH2003lecture">
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.pch.net/resources/papers/topology-and-economics/Topology-and-Economics.ppt
 |title=Internet Topology and Economics: How Supply and Demand Influence the Changing Shape of the Global Network
 |first=Bill
 |last=Woodcock
 |date=13 January 2003
 |work=lecture at the University of Minnesota Digital Technology Center
 |publisher=[[Packet Clearing House]]
 |format=ppt
 |access-date=2011-04-28
}}</ref> describes the intensive interconnection of small and medium-sized regional networks that make up much of the Internet.<ref name="PCH2011survey" /> Traffic between these regional networks can be modeled as a [[toroid]], with a core "[[donut hole]]" that is poorly interconnected to the networks around it.<ref name="Cook2002XI">
{{cite journal
 |url         = http://www.cookreport.com/backissues/nov-dec2002cookrep.pdf
 |title       = Changing Role of Peering & Transit in IP Network Interconnection Economics
 |date        = November–December 2002
 |journal        = Cook Report on Internet
 |volume      = XI
 |issue       = 8–9
 |publisher   = Cook Network Consultants
 |issn        = 1071-6327
 |access-date  = 28 April 2011
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719171059/http://www.cookreport.com/backissues/nov-dec2002cookrep.pdf
 |archive-date = 19 July 2011
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>

As [[#Depeering|detailed above]], some carriers attempted to form a cartel of self-described [[Tier 1 network]]s, nominally refusing to peer with any networks outside the [[oligopoly]].<ref name="PCH2011survey" /> Seeking to reduce transit costs, connections between regional networks bypass those "core" networks. Data takes a more direct path, reducing [[Network latency|latency]] and [[packet loss]]. This also improves resiliency between [[Eyeball network|consumers]] and [[Content delivery network|content providers]] via multiple connections in many locations around the world, in particular during [[#Depeering|business disputes]] between the core transit providers.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.mzima.net/pdf/donut_peering.pdf
 |title       = The 'Donut Peering' Model: Optimizing IP Transit for Online Video
 |first       = Grant
 |last        = Kirkwood
 |date        = September 2009
 |access-date  = 2 October 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20091116164326/http://www.mzima.net/pdf/donut_peering.pdf
 |archive-date = 16 November 2009
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="IPC2009">
{{cite web
 |url=http://ipcommunications.tmcnet.com/topics/ip-communications/articles/63792-deep-dive-into-ip-voice-peering.htm
 |title=A Deep Dive Into IP Voice Peering
 |date=4 September 2009
 |first=Doug
 |last=Mohney
 |publisher=[[Technology Marketing Corporation]]
 |work=IP Communications
 |access-date=2009-09-04
}}</ref>