Editing Pedro I of Brazil (section)

=== Portuguese dynastic affair ===
[[File:Antônio Joaquim Franco Velasco - Dom Pedro I, Imperador do Brasil.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|alt=Painted half-length portrait showing a young man with curly hair and mustachios who is wearing an elaborate embroidered military tunic with gold epaulets and medals|Pedro&nbsp;I at age 27 during his trip to [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Bahia]] province, March 1826, by {{ill|Antônio Joaquim Franco Velasco|pt}}]]
After long negotiations, Portugal [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|signed a treaty]] with Brazil on 29 August 1825 in which it recognized Brazilian independence.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Barman|1988|p=128}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 2|p=193}},
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|p=184}}.
</ref> Except for the recognition of independence, the treaty provisions were at Brazil's expense, including a demand for reparations to be paid to Portugal, with no other requirements of Portugal. Compensation was to be paid to all Portuguese citizens residing in Brazil for the losses they had experienced, such as properties which had been confiscated. John VI was also given the right to style himself emperor of Brazil.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Barman|1988|pp=140–141}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 2|pp=195–197}},
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|pp=184–185}}.
</ref> More humiliating was that the treaty implied that independence had been granted as a beneficent act of John VI, rather than having been compelled by the Brazilians through force of arms.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=140}}{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 2|p=195}} Even worse, Great Britain was rewarded for its role in advancing the negotiations by the signing of a separate treaty in which its favorable commercial rights were renewed and by the signing of a convention in which Brazil agreed to abolish slave trade with Africa within four years. Both accords were severely harmful to Brazilian economic interests.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=141}}{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=186}}

A few months later, the Emperor received word that his father had died on 10 March 1826, and that he had succeeded his father on the Portuguese throne as King Dom Pedro&nbsp;IV.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=142}} Aware that a reunion of Brazil and Portugal would be unacceptable to the people of both nations, he hastily abdicated the crown of Portugal on 2 May in favor of his eldest daughter, who became Queen Dona Maria&nbsp;II.{{sfn|Morato|1835|p=26}}{{sfn|Branco|1838|p=XXXVII}}{{efn-ua|Pedro&nbsp;I gave up more than just the crowns of Portugal and Brazil. Less known is that he was also offered the crown of Greece in April 1822 (while he was still prince regent) by the Greek government which was embroiled in a [[Greek War of Independence|fight for national independence]]. Pedro&nbsp;I declined, and eventually [[Otto of Greece|Otto of Bavaria]] became [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|King of Greece]] {{harv|Costa|1995|pp=172–173}}. Pedro&nbsp;I also declined offers of the Spanish crown made in 1826 and 1829 by liberals who rebelled against the absolutist rule of his uncle, Don [[Ferdinand VII]]. The liberals in Portugal and Spain agreed in 1830 to make Pedro&nbsp;I the "Emperor of Iberia". He seems to have declined this offer also, since nothing came of it {{harv|Costa|1995|pp=195–197}}. Brazilian historian Sérgio Corrêa da Costa and Portuguese historian Antônio Sardinha have argued, however, with little supporting evidence, that one of the inducements which prompted Pedro&nbsp;I to abdicate the Brazilian crown was to dethrone his brother and his uncle and rule the entire [[Iberian Peninsula]] as its emperor {{harv|Costa|1995|pp=197, 199}}.}} His abdication was conditional: Portugal was required to accept the Constitution which he had drafted and Maria&nbsp;II was to marry his brother Miguel.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=142}} Regardless of the abdication, Pedro&nbsp;I continued to act as an absentee king of Portugal and interceded in its diplomatic matters, as well as in internal affairs, such as making appointments.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=148}} (Although Maria II had already been recognized as queen, all Portuguese coins for the period 1826-1828 bear the name and image of Pedro IV.)  He found it difficult, at the very least, to keep his position as Brazilian emperor separate from his obligations to protect his daughter's interests in Portugal.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=148}}  On 3 March 1828, when his plans appeared to be secure, he finalized his earlier conditional abdication from the Portuguese throne with an additional decree.<ref>{{cite web |author=João Carlos Augusto de Oyenhausen-Gravenburg, Marquês de Aracati |date=1828-03-04 |title=Item documental Desp_408-5-40_1828-03-04 - Cópia de despacho n.4 enviado por João Carlos Augusto de Oyenhausen-Gravenburg (1776-1838), Marquês de Aracati, para Luiz de Souza Dias (s.d.), com data de 4 de março de 1828, encaminhando o decreto de 3 de março de 1828 em que D. Pedro I ordena que Portugal seja governado pela sua filha D. Maria II, concluindo a sua abdicação da coroa daquele reino, na forma da carta régia de 3 de maio de 1826. |url=https://atom.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php/desp-408-5-40-1828-03-04 |website=Itamaraty Digital |access-date=2025-04-01}}</ref>

Miguel feigned compliance with Pedro&nbsp;I's plans. As soon as he was declared regent in early 1828, and backed by Carlota Joaquina, he abrogated the Constitution and, supported by those Portuguese in favor of absolutism, was acclaimed King Dom Miguel&nbsp;I.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=226}} As painful as was his beloved brother's betrayal, Pedro&nbsp;I also endured the defection of his surviving sisters, [[Teresa, Princess of Beira|Maria Teresa]], [[Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal|Maria Francisca]], [[Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal|Isabel Maria]] and [[Infanta Maria da Assunção of Portugal|Maria da Assunção]], to Miguel&nbsp;I's faction.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=295}} Only his youngest sister, [[Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Portugal|Ana de Jesus]], remained faithful to him, and she later traveled to Rio de Janeiro to be close to him.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|pp=255, 295}} Consumed by hatred and beginning to believe rumors that Miguel&nbsp;I had murdered their father, Pedro&nbsp;I turned his focus on Portugal and tried in vain to garner international support for Maria&nbsp;II's rights.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=239}}{{sfn|Barman|1988|pp=147–148}}