Editing Pedro II of Brazil (section)

=== Patron of arts and sciences ===
[[File:Pedro II 1858.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|alt=Photograph of a man with a full beard and dressed in a dark frock coat who is seated at a table holding a book with bookshelves in the background|Pedro&nbsp;II around age 32, {{circa}}1858. In the 1850s, books begin to feature prominently in his portraits, a reference to his role as advocate for education.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=326}}]]
"I was born to devote myself to culture and sciences," the Emperor remarked in his private journal during 1862.{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=104}}{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=77}} He had always been eager to learn and found in books a refuge from the demands of his position.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=116}}{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=59}} Subjects which interested Pedro&nbsp;II were wide-ranging, including [[anthropology]], [[history]], [[geography]], [[geology]], [[medicine]], [[law]], [[religious studies]], [[philosophy]], [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[theater]], [[music]], [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[poetry]], and [[technology]] among others.{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=99}}{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=542}} By the end of his reign, there were three libraries in São Cristóvão palace containing more than 60,000 books.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=227}} A passion for [[linguistics]] prompted him throughout his life to study new languages, and he was able to speak and write not only Portuguese but also [[Latin]], French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, [[Hebrew]], [[Sanskrit]], Chinese, [[Occitan language|Occitan]], and [[Tupi language|Tupi]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=226}},
* {{harvnb|Olivieri|1999|p=7}},
* {{harvnb|Schwarcz|1998|p=428}},
* {{harvnb|Besouchet|1993|p=401}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=103}}.</ref> He became the first Brazilian photographer when he acquired a [[daguerreotype]] camera in March 1840.{{sfn|Vasquez|2003|p=77}}{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=345}} He set up one laboratory in São Cristóvão devoted to photography and another to chemistry and physics. He also had an astronomical observatory constructed.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=117}}

The Emperor considered education to be of national importance and was himself a concrete example of the value of learning.{{sfn|Barman|1999|pp=118–119}} He remarked: "Were I not an Emperor, I would like to be a teacher. I do not know of a task more noble than to direct young minds and prepare the men of tomorrow."{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 2|pp=94–95}} His reign saw the creation of the [[Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute]] to promote research and preservation in the historical, geographical, cultural, and social sciences.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=126}} The Imperial Academy of Music and National Opera{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=152}} and the [[Colégio Pedro II (Rio de Janeiro)|Pedro&nbsp;II School]] were also founded, the latter serving as a model for schools throughout Brazil.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|pp=150–151}} The [[Escola Nacional de Belas Artes|Imperial Academy of the Fine Arts]], established by his father, received further strengthening and support.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=144}} Using his civil list income, Pedro&nbsp;II provided scholarships for Brazilian students to study at universities, art schools, and conservatories of music in Europe.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=119}}{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=99}} He also financed the creation of the [[Institute Pasteur]], helped underwrite the construction of Wagner's [[Bayreuth Festspielhaus]], as well as subscribing to similar projects.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|pp=226–228}} His efforts were recognized both at home and abroad. [[Charles Darwin]] said of him: "The Emperor does so much for science, that every scientific man is bound to show him the utmost respect".{{sfn|Vainfas|2002|p=200}}{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=182}}

Pedro&nbsp;II became a member of the [[Royal Society]], the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], [[The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium]] and the [[American Geographical Society]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|pp=94, 194}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|p=1787}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|p=280}}.</ref> In 1875, he was elected to the [[French Academy of Sciences]], an honor previously granted to only two other heads of state: [[Peter the Great]] and [[Napoleon Bonaparte]].{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=172}}{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=255}} He exchanged letters with scientists, philosophers, musicians and other intellectuals. Many of his correspondents became his friends, including [[Richard Wagner]], [[Louis Pasteur]], [[Louis Agassiz]], [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], [[Michel Eugène Chevreul]], [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[Arthur de Gobineau]], [[Frédéric Mistral]], [[Alessandro Manzoni]], Alexandre Herculano, [[Camilo Castelo Branco]], and [[James Cooley Fletcher]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|pp=179, 185, 187, 193, 195–196, 200, 236, 238}}
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|pp=49, 57}}
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=201}}.</ref> His erudition amazed [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] when the two met.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Vainfas|2002|p=200}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=230}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|p=1389}}.</ref> [[Victor Hugo]] told the Emperor: "Sire, you are a great citizen, you are the grandson of [[Marcus Aurelius]]," and [[Alexandre Herculano]] called him a "Prince whom the general opinion holds as the foremost of his era because of his gifted mind, and due to the constant application of that gift to the sciences and culture."<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=258}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=172}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=104}}.</ref>