Editing Paul Broca (section)

== Criticism ==

=== Darwin ===
In 1868 [[Charles Darwin]] criticized Broca for believing in the existence of a [[Sri_Lankan_junglefowl#Tailless_mutant|tailless mutant of the Ceylon junglefowl]], described in 1807 by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]], [[Zoology|zoologist]] and [[museum director]] [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.25226/bboc.v137i4.2017.a3 | title=On Temminck's tailless Ceylon Junglefowl, and how Darwin denied their existence | year=2017 | last1=Grouw | first1=Hein van | last2=Dekkers | first2=Wim | last3=Rookmaaker | first3=Kees | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=137 | issue=4 | pages=261–271 | s2cid=135206709 | doi-access=free | hdl=10141/622616 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Stephen Jay Gould ===
Broca was one of the first anthropologists engaged in [[comparative anatomy]] of primates and humans. Comparing then-dominant craniometry-based measures of intelligence, as well as other factors such as relative forearm-to-arm length, he proposed that Negroes were an intermediate form between apes and Europeans.<ref name=":1" /> The evolutionary biologist [[Stephen Jay Gould]] criticized Broca and his contemporaries of being engaged in "[[scientific racism]]" when conducting their research. Basing their work on [[biological determinism]], and "''[[A priori and a posteriori|a priori]]'' expectations" that "social and economic differences between human groups—primarily [[Race (classification of human beings)|races]], classes, and sexes—arise from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is an accurate reflection of biology."<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gould S. J | year = 1978 | title = Morton's ranking of races by cranial capacity: unconscious manipulation of data may be a scientific norm | journal = Science | volume = 200 | issue = 4341| pages = 503–509 | doi=10.1126/science.347573| pmid = 347573 | s2cid = 24025970 }}</ref><ref name=":04">{{cite book|title=The Mismeasure of Man|last1=Gould|first1=Steven Jay|date=1981|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-01489-1|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=20, 83–84|title-link=The Mismeasure of Man}}</ref>