Editing Paris (section)

==Administration==
{{Main|Administration of Paris}}

===City government===
{{Further|Arrondissements of Paris}}
{{See also||Mayor of Paris}}

[[File:Paris plan jms.png|thumb|A map of the [[arrondissements of Paris]]]]

For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The first modern elected mayor of Paris was [[Jacques Chirac]], elected March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is [[Anne Hidalgo]], a [[Socialist Party (France)|socialist]], first elected [[2014 Paris municipal election|in April 2014]],<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |title=Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris |publisher=City of Paris |access-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194454/http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> and re-elected [[2020 Paris municipal election|in June 2020]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=28 June 2020 |title=Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |access-date=1 July 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630223850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Paris, Hôtel de Ville -- 2014 -- 1714.jpg|thumb|The [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]], or city hall]]

The mayor of Paris is [[indirect election|elected indirectly]] by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the ''[[Conseil de Paris]]'' (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements, to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using [[closed list]] [[proportional representation]] in a [[two-round system]].<ref name="Election Code – Article L260">{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |title=Code électoral – Article L260 |language=fr |trans-title=Election Code – Article L260 |date=13 March 1983 |publisher=Legifrance |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225102129/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Party lists winning an absolute [[majority]] in the first round – or at least a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the [[highest averages method]].<ref name="Election Code – Article L260"/> This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.<ref name="Pariscouncil">{{cite web |title=Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I |url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |website=World Elections |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211513/https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to the [[2020 Paris municipal election]], each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council ({{Lang|fr|[[conseil d'arrondissement]]}}), which elects an arrondissement mayor.{{sfn|Shales|2007|p=16}} The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} The creation of [[Paris Centre]], a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384|title=Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet|work=Paris.fr|date=12 June 2020|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114161037/https://www.paris.fr/pages/regroupement-des-4-premiers-arrondissements-le-secteur-paris-centre-sera-cree-le-6-avril-7384|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Métropole du Grand Paris===
[[File:Établissements publics territoriaux du Grand Paris et trois départements.svg|thumb|A map of the Greater Paris Metropolis and its governing territories]]
In January 2016, the [[Grand Paris|Métropole du Grand Paris]], or simply [[Grand Paris]], came into existence.<ref name="MGP"/> It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] and [[Val-de-Marne]], plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including [[Argenteuil]] in [[Val d'Oise]] and [[Paray-Vieille-Poste]] in [[Essonne]], which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers {{cvt|814|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}. In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |title=Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=27 February 2018 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=Decree n° 2015-1212 of 30 September 2015 noting the perimeter fixing the seat and designating the public accountant of the metropolis of Greater Paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100706/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lemoniteur1">{{cite journal |author=Nathalie Moutarde |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |journal=Le Moniteur |date=17 July 2015 |title=La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016 |trans-title=The metropolis of Greater Paris will be born 1 January 2016 |language=fr |access-date=3 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162156/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment.<ref name="MGP"/><ref name="lemoniteur1"/> In January 2016, [[Patrick Ollier]] was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |author=Manon Rescan |date=22 January 2016 |trans-title=From Greater Paris to Greater Paris Metropolis |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010075732/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=30 January 2016 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}</ref>

===Regional government===
The [[Region]] of [[Île de France]], including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the [[Regional Council of Île-de-France|Regional Council]], composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by [[Valérie Pécresse]], narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |title=Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin |language=fr |trans-title=Results of 2015 Regional Elections |publisher=Regional Council of Île-de-France |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219075856/http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===National government===
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Arrives to Meet with French Foreign Minister Le Drian in Paris (50610423656).jpg|thumb|The [[Élysée Palace]], official residence of the [[President of France]]]]
As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's [[Government of France|national government]]. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The [[President of France|President of the French Republic]] resides at the [[Élysée Palace]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/ |title=Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire |language=fr |trans-title=The Elysée Palace and its history |publisher=Elysee.fr |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519171226/http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]'s seat is at the [[Hôtel Matignon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |publisher=Embassy of France, Washington |title=Matignon Hotel |date=1 December 2007 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405081105/http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2006|pp=93–94}} Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.{{sfn|Borrus|2012|p=288}}

Both houses of the [[French Parliament]] are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the [[Senate (France)|Senate]], meets in the [[Palais du Luxembourg]]. The more important lower house, the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]], meets in the [[Palais Bourbon]]. The [[List of presidents of the Senate of France|President of the Senate]], the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the [[Petit Luxembourg]], a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |title=A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg |language=fr |trans-title=Discovering Petit Luxembourg |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617015850/http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Conseil d'Etat Paris WA.jpg|thumb|The Palais-Royal, residence of the [[Conseil d'État (France)|Conseil d'État]]]]

France's highest courts are located in Paris. The [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]] on the ''Île de la Cité''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |language=fr |title=Introduction |work=Cour de Cassation [Court of Cassation] |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515150732/http://courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the [[Palais-Royal]] in the [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/ |language=fr |publisher=Conseil d'Etat |title=Histoire & Patrimoine |trans-title=History & Heritage |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103133/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1 |archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |title=Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel |publisher=Conseil Constitutionnel |trans-title=The seat of the Constitutional Council |language=fr |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125504/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including [[UNESCO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], the [[International Chamber of Commerce]], the [[Paris Club]], the [[European Space Agency]], the [[International Energy Agency]], the ''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]'', the [[European Union Institute for Security Studies]], the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]], the [[Bureau of International Expositions|International Exhibition Bureau]], and the [[International Federation for Human Rights]].

===Police force===
[[File:Gendarmerie BMW R1100RT.jpg|thumb|[[National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] motorcyclists]]
The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the [[Prefecture of Police of Paris]], a subdivision of the [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Ministry of the Interior]]. It supervises the units of the [[National Police (France)|National Police]] who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the [[Paris Fire Brigade]]. Its headquarters is on [[Place Louis Lépine]] on the [[Île de la Cité]].<ref name="Presentation Generale">{{cite web |url=http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |title=Présentation générale |trans-title=General Presentation |publisher=Police nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [National Police — Ministry of the Interior] |language=fr |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308061047/http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters.<ref name="Presentation Generale"/> The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the [[Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité]] (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the [[National Gendarmerie]], a branch of the [[French Armed Forces]]. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr |title=Accueil |language=fr |trans-title=Home |publisher=Gendarmerie nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [National Gendarmerie — Ministry of the Interior] |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226055256/http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/ |archive-date=26 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=France |website=Travel.State.Gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404010203/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>