Editing Papal States (section)

===Italian unification===
{{Main|Papal States under Pope Pius IX|Administrative subdivisions of the Papal States from 1816 to 1871}}
[[File:Italy 1870.svg|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the Papal States in 1870]]

[[Italian nationalism]] had been stoked during the Napoleonic period but dashed by the settlement of the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1814–15), which sought to restore the pre-Napoleonic conditions: most of northern Italy was under the rule of junior branches of the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburgs]] and the [[Bourbons]]. The Papal States in central Italy and the Bourbon [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] in the south were both restored. Popular opposition to the reconstituted and corrupt clerical government led to revolts [[Revolutions of 1830|in 1830]] and [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states|in 1848]], which were suppressed by the intervention of the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] army.

The nationalist and liberal revolutions of 1848 affected much of Europe. In February 1849 a [[Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman Republic]] was declared,{{sfn|Roessler|Miklos|2003|page=149}} and the hitherto liberally-inclined [[Pope Pius IX]] had to flee the city. The revolution was suppressed with [[French Second Republic|French]] help in 1849 and Pius IX switched to a conservative line of government. Until his return to Rome in 1850, the Papal States were governed by a group of cardinals known as the [[Red Triumvirate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it/cronologia/bologna/1849/il_triumvirato_rosso |title=Il 'triumvirato rosso' |website=[[Biblioteca Salaborsa]] |language=it |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212640/https://www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it/cronologia/bologna/1849/il_triumvirato_rosso |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result of the [[Second Italian War of Independence]], [[Piedmont-Sardinia]] annexed [[Lombardy]], while [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] [[Expedition of the Thousand|overthrew the Bourbon monarchy]] in the south.{{sfn|Fischer|2011|page=136}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abulafia |first1=David |title=The Mediterranean in History |date=2003 |publisher=Getty Publication |isbn=978-0892367252 |page=268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrRzgSebSZMC&q=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+overthrew+bourbon |chapter=The Mediterranean as a battleground |quote=(...) under Giuseppe Garibaldi to overthrow the Neapolitan Bourbons. After defeating a Neapolitan force at Calatafirmi, Garibaldi captured Palermo after three days of street fighting. |access-date=2020-11-18 |archive-date=2021-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916060046/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrRzgSebSZMC&q=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+overthrew+bourbon |url-status=live}}</ref> Afraid that Garibaldi would set up a republican government, the Piedmontese government petitioned French Emperor [[Napoleon III]] for permission to send troops through the Papal States to gain control of the south. This was granted on the condition that Rome be left undisturbed.

In 1860, with much of the region already in rebellion against Papal rule, Piedmont-Sardinia [[Battle of Castelfidardo|invaded]] and conquered the eastern two-thirds of the Papal States, cementing its hold on the south. Bologna, Ferrara, Umbria, the Marches, Benevento and Pontecorvo were all formally annexed by November of the same year. While considerably reduced, the Papal States nevertheless still covered the [[Latium]] and large areas northwest of Rome.

A unified [[Kingdom of Italy]] was declared and in March 1861 the first [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy|Italian parliament]], which met in [[Turin]], the old capital of Piedmont, declared Rome the capital of the new kingdom. However, the Italian government could not take possession of the city because a French garrison in Rome protected Pope Pius IX.