Editing Palm oil (section)

==Production==

In 2023–2024, world production of palm oil was 77.3 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[Indonesia]] with 57% of the total.<ref name="fas">{{Cite web|url=https://fas.usda.gov/data/production/commodity/4243000|title=Production - palm oil in 2023-24|publisher=Foreign Agriculturual Service, US Department of Agriculture|date=2024|access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref> The annual production of palm oil is projected to reach 240 million tonnes by 2050.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tullis |first1=Paul |title=How the World Got Hooked on Palm Oil |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental |work=The Guardian|date=19 February 2019 |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> During the [[2022 food crises]] instigated by the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and crop failures in other parts of the world due to [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|extreme weather caused by climate change]], the Indonesian government banned exports of palm oil.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Nangoy |first=Fransiska |date=2022-04-23 |title=Indonesia bans palm oil exports as global food inflation spikes |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesia-ban-palm-oil-exports-shore-up-supply-soyoil-futures-surge-2022-04-22/ |access-date=2022-04-27}}</ref> This combined with a reduced harvest in Malaysia greatly increased global prices, while reducing availability causing ripple effects in the global supply chain.<ref name=":4" /> On 23 May 2022, the Indonesian government reopened trading hoping to balance supplies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-19 |title=Indonesia Lifts Palm Oil Export Ban in Relief to Global Market |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-19/indonesia-lifts-palm-oil-export-ban-in-relief-to-global-market |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
{{main|Palm oil production in Indonesia}}
[[File:Oil palm plantation in Cigudeg-03.jpg|thumb|250px|A palm oil plantation in Indonesia]]
Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil, producing 44 million tonnes in 2023-24.<ref name=fas/>

===Malaysia===
{{main|Palm oil production in Malaysia}}
[[File:District-Kunak Sabah IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg|thumb|250px|A palm oil mill located on a palm oil plantation in Malaysia]]
[[File:Malayasia iko 2002169.jpg|thumb|350px|A satellite image showing deforestation in [[Malaysian Borneo]] to allow the plantation of [[oil palm]]]]
[[Malaysia]] is the world's second-largest producer of palm oil, producing 19.7 million tonnes in 2023-24.<ref name=fas/> 

In 1992, in response to [[Social and environmental impact of palm oil#Deforestation|concerns about deforestation]], the [[Government of Malaysia]] pledged to limit the expansion of palm oil plantations by retaining a minimum of half the nation's land as [[forest cover]].<ref name="Morales">{{cite news|last1=Morales|first1=Alex|date=18 November 2010|title=Malaysia Has Little Room for Expanding Palm-Oil Production, Minister Says|newspaper=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-18/malaysia-has-little-room-for-palm-oil-expansion-plantation-minister-says.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912033525/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-18/malaysia-has-little-room-for-palm-oil-expansion-plantation-minister-says.html|archive-date=12 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Scott-Thomas2">{{cite news|last1=Scott-Thomas|first1=Caroline|date=17 September 2012|title=French firms urged to back away from 'no palm oil' label claims|newspaper=Foodnavigator|url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/French-firms-urged-to-back-away-from-no-palm-oil-label-claims|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312115810/http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/French-firms-urged-to-back-away-from-no-palm-oil-label-claims|archive-date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

===Nigeria===
As of 2023-24, [[Nigeria]] was the fifth-largest producer, with 1.5 million tonnes.<ref name=fas/> Both small- and large-scale producers participate in the industry.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ayodele|first=Thompson|date=August 2010|title=African Case Study: Palm Oil and Economic Development in Nigeria and Ghana; Recommendations for the World Bank's 2010 Palm Oil Strategy|url=http://www.ippanigeria.org/worldbankreportpalmoil%5B1%5D.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422142906/http://www.ippanigeria.org/worldbankreportpalmoil%5B1%5D.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2012|access-date=8 December 2011|website=Initiative For Public Policy Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ayodele|first=Thompson|date=15 October 2010|title=The World Bank's Palm Oil Mistake|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/opinion/16ayodele.html?_r=1&src=sch&pagewanted=all|url-status=live|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150947/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/opinion/16ayodele.html?_r=1&src=sch&pagewanted=all|archive-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> In much of the [[Niger Delta]], palm oil is commonoly referred to as "red oil" (or red gold) to distinguish it from the "black oil" ([[Petroleum|crude oil]]) which dominates production.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Von Hellermann |first1=Pauline |title=Red gold: a history of palm oil in West Africa |url=https://dialogue.earth/en/food/red-gold-a-history-of-palm-oil-in-west-africa/#:%7E:text=Oil%20palm%E2%80%93human%20relations%20in%20West%20Africa%3A%20a%20long%20history&text=Archaeological%20evidence%20shows%20that%20palm,in%20cleared%20and%20burned%20areas. |access-date=22 May 2024 |publisher=Dialogue Earth |date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

===Thailand===
[[Thailand]] is the world's third-largest producer of crude palm oil, producing 3.6 million tonnes in 2023-24.<ref name=fas/> Nearly all of Thai production is consumed locally. Almost 85% of palm plantations and extraction mills are in south Thailand. At year-end 2016, 4.7 to 5.8 million [[Rai (unit)|rai]] ({{convert|750,000 to 930,000|ha|acre|disp=semicolon}}) were planted in oil palms, employing 300,000 farmers, mostly on small landholdings of 20 rai ({{convert|3.2|ha|acre|disp=semicolon}}). [[ASEAN]] as a region accounts for {{convert|52.5|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} of palm oil production, about 85% of the world total and more than 90% of global exports. Indonesia accounts for 52% of world exports. Malaysian exports total 38%. The biggest consumers of palm oil are India, the European Union, and China, with the three consuming nearly 50% of world exports. Thailand's Department of Internal Trade (DIT) usually sets the price of crude palm oil and refined palm oil Thai farmers have a relatively low yield compared to those in Malaysia and Indonesia. Thai palm oil crops yield 4–17% oil compared to around 20% in competing countries. In addition, Indonesian and Malaysian oil palm plantations are 10 times the size of Thai plantations.<ref name="BP-20180128">{{cite news|last1=Arunmas|first1=Phusadee|last2=Wipatayotin|first2=Apinya|date=28 January 2018|title=EU move fuelling unease among palm oil producers|work=Bangkok Post|department=Spectrum|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1403374/eu-move-fuelling-unease-among-palm-oil-producers|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>

===Benin===
Palm is native to the wetlands of western Africa, and south [[Benin]] already hosts many palm plantations. Its 'Agricultural Revival Programme' has identified many thousands of hectares of land as suitable for new oil palm export plantations. In spite of the economic benefits, [[Non-governmental organisation]]s (NGOs), such as [[Nature Tropicale]], claim biofuels will compete with domestic food production in some existing prime agricultural sites. Other areas comprise [[peat|peat land]], whose drainage would have a deleterious [[environmental impact]]. They are also concerned [[genetic modification|genetically modified]] plants will be introduced into the region, jeopardizing the current premium paid for their non-GM crops.<ref name="wrm">{{cite web|last=Pazos|first=Flavio|date=3 August 2007|title=Benin: Large scale oil palm plantations for agrofuel|url=http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/120/Benin.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808035000/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/120/Benin.html|archive-date=8 August 2014|website=World Rainforest Movement}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=African Biodiversity Network|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=as4sAQAAMAAJ|title=Agrofuels in Africa: the impacts on land, food and forests: case studies from Benin, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia|publisher=African Biodiversity Network|others=translated by|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418054802/https://books.google.com/books?id=as4sAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to recent article by [[National Geographic]], most palm oil in Benin is still produced by women for domestic use.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hillary Rosner|title=Palm oil is unavoidable. Can it be sustainable?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil-products-borneo-africa-environment-impact/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210132728/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil-products-borneo-africa-environment-impact/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2018|website=National Geographic|date=4 December 2018}}</ref> The FAO additionally states that peasants in Benin practice [[agroecology]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=FAO|title=West African women defend traditional palm oil|url=http://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/417205/|website=Food and Agricultural Organization}}</ref> They harvest palm fruit from small farms and the palm oil is mostly used for local consumption.

===Cameroon===
[[Cameroon]] had a production project underway initiated by Herakles Farms in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenthal|first=Elisabeth|date=2012-09-05|title=Report Assails Palm Oil Project in Cameroon|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/05/report-assails-palm-oil-project-in-cameroon/|access-date=2023-02-08|website=Green Blog|language=en}}</ref> However, the project was halted under the pressure of civil society organizations in Cameroon. Before the project was halted, Herakles left the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil early in negotiations.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2013|title=Cameroon changes mind on Herakles palm oil project|url=http://wwf.panda.org/?209145/Cameroon-changes-mind-on-Herakles-palm-oil-project|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213041929/http://wwf.panda.org/?209145%2FCameroon-changes-mind-on-Herakles-palm-oil-project|archive-date=13 December 2013|access-date=23 May 2016|website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> The project has been controversial due to opposition from villagers and the location of the project in a sensitive region for biodiversity.

===Colombia===
In 2018, total palm oil production in [[Colombia]] reached {{convert|1.6|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}}, representing some 8% of national agricultural [[gross domestic product|GDP]] and benefiting mainly [[smallholder]]s (65% of Colombia's palm oil sector).<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Inga Hilbert |author2=María Goretti Esquivel |author3=Joel Brounen |date=2019 |title=Barometer on sustainable production and trade of palm oil in Colombia |url=https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated-files/publications/BarometerSustainableColombianPalmOil%202019.pdf |access-date=20 May 2022 |publisher=Solidaridad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=Palm oil |url=https://comerciosostenible.org/en/ |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=Sustainable Trade Platform - Colombia |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030021647/https://comerciosostenible.org/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to a study from the Environmental, Science and Policy, Colombia has the potential to produce sustainable palm oil without causing [[deforestation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Carmenza Castiblanco |author2=Andrés Etter |author3=T. Mitchell Aide |date=2013 |title=Oil palm plantations in Colombia: a model of future expansion |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S146290111300004X |journal=Environmental Science and Policy |volume=27 |pages=172–183 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2013.01.003|bibcode=2013ESPol..27..172C }}</ref> In addition, palm oil and other crops provide a productive alternative for illegal crops, like [[coca]].<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Calderón |author2=Carlos Alberto Pérez |date=1 January 2019 |title=Smallholder oil palm producers contributing to peace and sustainability in Colombia |url=https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/solidaridad-stories/smallholder-oil-palm-producers-contributing-to-peace-and-sustainability-in |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=ETFRN, Tropenbos International}}</ref>

===Ecuador===

Ecuador aims to help palm oil producers switch to sustainable methods and achieve RSPO certification under initiatives to develop greener industries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2018 |title=Ecuador to invest $1.2bn in palm oil sustainability & innovation: 'There is a tremendous opportunity here' |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/05/04/Ecuador-to-invest-1.2bn-in-palm-oil-sustainability-innovation-There-is-a-tremendous-opportunity-here |website=Food Navigator}}</ref>

===Ghana===
[[Ghana]] has a lot of [[Arecaceae|palm nut]] species, which may become an important contributor to the agriculture of the region. Although Ghana has multiple palm species, ranging from local palm nuts to other species locally called agric, it was only marketed locally and to neighboring countries. Production is now expanding as major investment funds are purchasing plantations because Ghana is considered a major growth area for palm oil.

===Kenya===
[[Kenya]]'s domestic production of edible oils covers about a third of its annual demand, estimated at {{convert|380,000|MT|ST}}. The rest is imported at a cost of around US$140 million a year, making edible oil the country's second most important import after petroleum. Since 1993 a new [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] variety of cold-tolerant, high-yielding oil palm has been promoted by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] in western Kenya. As well as alleviating the country's deficit of edible oils while providing an important cash crop, it is claimed to have environmental benefits in the region, because it does not compete against food crops or native vegetation and it provides stabilisation for the soil.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

=== Myanmar ===
Palm oil was introduced to [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] (now Myanmar) in the 1920s.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Nomura |first1=Keiko |last2=Mitchard |first2=Edward T. A. |last3=Patenaude |first3=Genevieve |last4=Bastide |first4=Joan |last5=Oswald |first5=Patrick |last6=Nwe |first6=Thazin |date=2019-08-15 |title=Oil palm concessions in southern Myanmar consist mostly of unconverted forest |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11931 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48443-3 |pmid=31417153 |pmc=6695397 |bibcode=2019NatSR...911931N |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Beginning in the 1970s, smaller-scale palm oil plantations were developed in [[Tanintharyi Region]], and [[Mon State|Mon]], [[Kayin State|Kayin]], and [[Rakhine State]]s.<ref name=":5" /> In 1999, the ruling military junta, the [[State Peace and Development Council]], initiated the large-scale development of such plantations, especially in Tanintharyi, the southernmost region of Myanmar.<ref name=":5" /> As of 2019, over 401,814 ha of palm oil concessions have been awarded to 44 companies.<ref name=":5" /> 60% of the awarded concessions consist of forests and native vegetation, and some concessions overlap with national parks, including [[Tanintharyi Nature Reserve|Tanintharyi]] and [[Lenya National Park]]s, which have seen deforestation and threaten conservation efforts for endemic species like the [[Indochinese tiger]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-13 |title=Myanmar risks losing forests to oil palm, but there's time to pivot |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/myanmar-risks-losing-forests-to-oil-palm-but-theres-time-to-pivot/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref>