Editing Palaeography (section)

==== Uncial hand ====
{{See also|Uncial script}}
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| footer = Pages from [[Codex Vaticanus]] (left) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] (right)
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The prevailing type of book-hand during what in [[papyrology]] is called the Byzantine period, that is, roughly from AD&nbsp;300 to 650, is known as the biblical hand. It went back to at least the end of the 2nd century and had had originally no special connection with [[Christian literature]]. In both vellum and paper manuscripts from 4th-century Egypt are other forms of script, particularly a sloping, rather inelegant hand derived from the literary hand of the 3rd century, which persisted until at least the 5th century. The three great early codices of the Bible are all written in uncials of the biblical type. In the ''[[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus]]'', placed during the 4th century, the characteristics of the hand are least strongly marked; the letters have the forms characteristic of the type but without the heavy appearance of later manuscripts, and the general impression is one of greater roundness. In the ''[[Sinaiticus]]'', which is not much later, the letters are larger and more heavily made; in the 5th-century ''[[Alexandrinus]]'', a later development is seen with emphatic distinction of thick and thin strokes. By the 6th century, alike in vellum and in papyrus manuscripts, the heaviness had become very marked, though the hand still retained, in its best examples, a handsome appearance; but after this it steadily deteriorated, becoming ever more mechanical and artificial. The thick strokes grew heavier; the cross strokes of {{angbr|T}} and {{angbr|Θ}} and the base of {{angbr|Δ}} were furnished with drooping spurs. The hand, which is often singularly ugly{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}, passed through various modifications, now sloping, now upright, though it is not certain that these variations were really successive rather than concurrent. A different type of uncials, derived from the [[Chancery hand]] and seen in two papyrus examples of the Festal letters despatched annually by the [[Patriarch of Alexandria]], was occasionally used, the best known example being the ''[[Codex Marchalianus]]'' (6th or 7th century). A combination of this hand with the other type is also known.