Editing Paektu Mountain (section)

== Cultural history ==
The mountain has been worshipped by the surrounding peoples throughout history. A considerable percentage of the [[Koreans]] and [[Manchu people|Manchus]] consider it sacred, especially the [[Heaven Lake]] in its crater.<ref name="Fravel2008">{{cite book |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&pg=PA321 |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2887-6 |pages=321–2}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite news |author=Choe Sang-Hun |date=26 September 2016 |title=For South Koreans, a Long Detour to Their Holy Mountain |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/world/asia/korea-china-baekdu-changbaishan.html}}</ref>

=== Korea ===
[[File:Emblem of North Korea.svg|thumb|upright|Mount Paektu on the national [[emblem of North Korea]].]]
The mountain has been considered sacred by Koreans throughout history.<ref name=":6" /> According to [[Korean mythology]], it was the birthplace of [[Dangun]], the founder of [[Gojoseon]] (2333–108 BC), whose parents were said to be [[Hwanung]], the Son of Heaven, and [[Ungnyeo]], a bear who had been transformed into a woman.<ref>{{cite book |title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Cumings |year=2005 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-32702-1 |pages=22–25}}</ref> Many subsequent kingdoms of Korea, such as [[Buyeo Kingdom|Buyeo]], [[Goguryeo]], [[Balhae]], [[Goryeo]] and Joseon recognized this myth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://enc.daum.net/dic100/viewContents.do?&m=all&articleID=b09b0712b |title=Korea Britannica |language=ko |publisher=Enc.daum.net |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Song |first=Yong-deok |title=The recognition of mountain Baekdu in the Koryo dynasty and early times of the Joseon dynasty |journal=History and Reality V.64 |year=2007}}</ref>

The Goryeo dynasty (935–1392) first called the mountain ''Baekdu'',<ref>[[Goryeosa]] ([[Gwangjong of Goryeo|King Gwangjong]] reign, 959)</ref> recording that the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] across the Yalu River were made to live outside of Mount Baekdu. The Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) recorded volcanic eruptions in 1597, 1668, and 1702. In the 15th century, [[Sejong the Great of Joseon|King Sejong]] strengthened the fortification along the Tumen and Yalu rivers, making the mountain a natural border with the northern peoples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%B9%E9%B5%CE%BB%EA&pk=13856900&subtype=&type=enc&field=id |title=Yahoo Korea Encyclopedia |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=27 December 2013 |archive-date=19 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519194758/http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%B9%E9%B5%CE%BB%EA&pk=13856900&subtype=&type=enc&field=id |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some Koreans claim that the entire region near Mount Paektu and the Tumen River belongs to Korea and parts of it were illegally given away by Japanese colonialists to China through the [[Gando Convention]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

Mount Baekdu is mentioned in the national anthems of both North and South Korea and in the Korean folk song "[[Arirang]]".

Dense forest around the mountain provided bases for Korean armed resistance against the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]], and later communist guerrillas during the [[Korean War]]. [[Kim Il Sung]] organized his resistance against the Japanese forces there, and North Korea claims that [[Kim Jong Il]] was born there,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.korea-dpr.com/ocn/ |title=Moved |publisher=Korea-dpr.com |access-date=27 December 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225053625/http://www.korea-dpr.com/ocn/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> although records outside of North Korea suggest that he was born in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1671983 |publisher=NPR |date=12 February 2004 |title=A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace |last=Sheets |first=Lawrence}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1907197.stm |title=Profile: Kim Jong-il |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 January 2009}}</ref>

The peak has been featured on the state [[emblem of North Korea]] since 1993, as defined in Article 169 of the [[Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Constitution]], which describes Mt. Paektu as "the sacred mountain of the revolution".<ref>{{cite book |title=Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030041832/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4047 |archive-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4047 |year=2014 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]] |location=Pyongyang |isbn=978-9946-0-1099-1 |page=35}} Amended and supplemented on 1 April, Juche 102 (2013), at the Seventh Session of the Twelfth Supreme People's Assembly.</ref> The mountain is often referred to in slogans such as: "Let us accomplish the Korean revolution in the revolutionary spirit of Paektu, the spirit of the blizzards of Paektu!"<ref>{{cite news |title=Decoding North Korea's fish and mushroom slogans |last=Gee |first=Alison |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 February 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-31446387 |access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> [[North Korean media]] celebrates natural phenomena witnessed at the mountain as portentous,<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders of nature |url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1997/9707/news7/12.htm |publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |date=12 July 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012034318/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1997/9707/news7/12.htm |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> and [[Weather forecasting|weather forecasts]] aired by state broadcaster [[Korean Central Television]] list [[Paektusan Secret Camp]], claimed birthplace of [[Kim Jong Il]], behind only the capital of [[Pyongyang]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Martyn |date=29 April 2019 |title=KCTV refreshes its weather forecast presentation % |url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2019/04/30/kctv-refreshes-weather-forecast-presentation/ |access-date=30 May 2021 |website=[[North Korea Tech]] - 노스코리아테크 |language=en-US}}</ref> The mountain's name is used for various products, such as the [[Paektusan (rocket)|Paektusan rocket]], the Paektusan computer, and the Mt Paektu handgun.<ref>{{cite book |title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Cumings |year=2005 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-32702-1 |pages=28, 435}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jager |first=Sheila Miyoshi |author-link=Sheila Miyoshi Jager |title=Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea |year=2013 |publisher=Profile Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-84668-067-0 |pages=464–65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/mt-paektu-handgun-gifted-by-former-supreme-leader-vanishes/ |last=Ha |first=Yuna |title=Mt. Paektu handgun gifted by former Supreme Leader vanishes |work=[[Daily NK]] |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

In the 2019 South Korean [[disaster film]] ''[[Ashfall (film)|Ashfall]]'', the mountain erupts and causes severe earthquakes in the Korean peninsula.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kao |first=Anthony |date=29 December 2019 |title=Review: "Ashfall" Is An Epic Disaster Film With Korean Flavor…And Tropes Galore |url=https://www.cinemaescapist.com/2019/12/review-ashfall-korean-movie/ |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Cinema Escapist |language=en}}</ref>

=== China ===
[[File:MYK-1-长白山.png|right|thumb|350px|Painting from the [[w:zh:满洲实录|Manchu Veritable Records]] with the names of Mount Paektu in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian]]Mount Changbai was regarded as the most sacred mountain in the [[Shamanism in the Qing dynasty|shamanist religion]] of the [[Manchus]], and their ancestors [[Sushen people|Sushen]] and [[Jurchens]].<ref name="jlsda" /> The Jin dynasty bestowed the title "the King Who Makes the Nation Prosperous and Answers with Miracles" ({{lang-zh|t=興國靈應王|labels=no}}) on the mountain in 1172 and it was entitled "the Emperor Who Cleared the Sky with Tremendous Sagehood" ({{lang-zh|t=開天宏聖帝|labels=no}}) in 1193. A temple for the mountain god was constructed on the northern side.<ref name="changchun" />

The Manchu clan [[Aisin Gioro]], which founded the [[Qing dynasty]] of China, claimed their progenitor [[Bukūri Yongšon]] was conceived near Paektu Mountain. In 1682, 1698, 1733, 1754 and 1805, Qing emperors visited Jilin and paid homage to the mountain. The rites at Mount Changbai were heavily influenced by the ancient [[Feng Shan]] ceremonies, in which Chinese emperors offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at [[Mount Tai]]. The [[Kangxi Emperor]] claimed that Mount Tai and Changbai belong to the same mountain range, which runs from northeast to southwest but is partially submerged under the sea before reaching [[Shandong]]. The geography and [[feng shui]] of Mount Changbai thus provided legitimacy to the Aisin Gioro clan's rule over China.<ref name="jlsda">{{cite web |title=清朝祭拜长白山的故事 |url=http://www.jlsda.cn/G_NR_W.jsp?urltype=news.NewsContentUrl&wbtreeid=1029&wbnewsid=1861 |publisher=Jilin Archives Information Network |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>

''Baishan Heishui'', "white mountain and black river", referring to Mount Changbai and the [[Heilongjiang River|Heilongjiang]], has been a traditional name for [[Northeast China]] since the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:白山黑水 |title=Báishānhēishuǐ |trans-title=White mountains and black waters |language=zh |url=https://www.moedict.tw/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1%E9%BB%91%E6%B0%B4 |website=moedict.tw |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>