Editing Oyster (section)

== Ecosystem services ==
As an [[ecosystem engineer]], oysters provide supporting [[ecosystem services]], along with provisioning, regulating and cultural services. Oysters influence [[nutrient cycling]], [[water filtration]], habitat structure, [[biodiversity]], and [[food web]] dynamics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulte |first1=David M. |last2=Burke |first2=Russell P. |last3=Lipcius |first3=Romuald N. |year=2009 |title=Unprecedented Restoration of a Native Oyster Metapopulation |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5944 |pages=1124–1128 |bibcode=2009Sci...325.1124S |doi=10.1126/science.1176516 |pmid=19644073 |s2cid=206521248|doi-access=free }}</ref> Oyster reef habitats have been recognized as [[green infrastructure]] for shoreline protection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arkema |first1=Katie K. |last2=Guannel |first2=Greg |last3=Verutes |first3=Gregory |last4=Wood |first4=Spencer A. |last5=Guerry |first5=Anne |last6=Ruckelshaus |first6=Mary |last7=Kareiva |first7=Peter |last8=Lacayo |first8=Martin |last9=Silver |first9=Jessica M. |date=14 July 2013 |title=Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1944 |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=913–918 |doi=10.1038/nclimate1944 |bibcode=2013NatCC...3..913A |issn=1758-678X}}</ref> Assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus into shellfish tissues provides an opportunity to remove these nutrients from the water column.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book |last1=Wikfors |first1=Gary H. |title=Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8138-1413-1 |pages=125–133 |chapter=Trophic Interactions Between Phytoplankton and Bivalve Aquaculture |doi=10.1002/9780470960967.ch5 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470960967.ch5}}</ref><ref>Officer, C.B., T.J. Smayda & R. Mann. 1982. Benthic filter feeding, a natural eutrophication control. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 9:203–120.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lindahl |first1=Odd |last2=Hart |first2=Rob |last3=Hernroth |first3=Bodil |last4=Kollberg |first4=Sven |last5=Loo |first5=Lars-Ove |last6=Olrog |first6=Lars |last7=Rehnstam-Holm |first7=Ann-Sofi |last8=Svensson |first8=Jonny |last9=Svensson |first9=Susanne |last10=Syversen |first10=Ulf |year=2005 |title=Improving Marine Water Quality by Mussel Farming: A Profitable Solution for Swedish Society |url=https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131 |journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |doi=10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131 |pmid=15865310 |bibcode=2005Ambio..34..131L |s2cid=25371433}}</ref> In California's [[Tomales Bay]], native oyster presence is associated with higher species diversity of benthic invertebrates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimbro |first1=D. L. |last2=Grosholz |first2=E. D. |year=2006 |title=Disturbance influences oyster community richness and evenness, but not diversity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16995638/ |journal=Ecology |volume=87 |issue=9 |pages=2378–2388 |doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2378:diocra]2.0.co;2 |pmid=16995638}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Camara |first1=Mark D. |last2=Vadopalas |first2=Brent |year=2009 |title=Genetic Aspects of Restoring Olympia Oysters and Other Native Bivalves: Balancing the Need for Action, Good Intentions, and the Risks of Making Things Worse |journal=Journal of Shellfish Research |volume=28 |pages=121–145 |doi=10.2983/035.028.0104 |s2cid=12695460}}</ref> As the ecological and economic importance of oyster reefs has become more acknowledged, restoration efforts have increased.<ref name="jud and layman2">{{cite web |last1=Jud |first1=Zachary |last2=Layman |first2=Craig |year=2011 |title=Loxahatchee River oyster reef restoration monitoring report: Using baselines derived from long-term monitoring of benthic community structure on natural oyster reefs to assess the outcome of large-scale oyster reef restoration |url=https://loxahatchee-qnewmedia.netdna-ssl.com/pdf/FIU_NOAAMonitRpt_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808180240/https://loxahatchee-qnewmedia.netdna-ssl.com/pdf/FIU_NOAAMonitRpt_2011.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=Martin County, Florida}}</ref>