Editing Ottoman Empire (section)

==== Young Turk movement ====
[[File:Declaration of the 1908 Revolution in Ottoman Empire.png|thumb|Declaration of the [[Young Turk Revolution]] by the leaders of the Ottoman [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets]] in 1908]]

The defeat and [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] (1908{{mdash}}1922) began with the [[Second Constitutional Era]], a moment of hope and promise established with the [[Young Turk Revolution]]. It restored the [[Constitution of the Ottoman Empire]] and brought in [[List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire|multi-party politics]] with a [[Elections in the Ottoman Empire|two-stage electoral system]] ([[Ottoman electoral law|electoral law]]) under the [[General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman parliament]]. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire's citizens to modernise the state's institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Michael A.|title=Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918 |date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521149167|pages=1, 324}}</ref> Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire.

Members of [[Young Turks]] movement who had once gone underground now established their parties.<ref>{{cite book |first=Edward |last=Erickson |title=Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 |isbn=978-1137362209 | page=32 }}</ref> Among them "[[Committee of Union and Progress]]", and "[[Freedom and Accord Party]]" were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties, which included [[Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine (Poale Zion)|Poale Zion]], [[Al-Fatat]], and [[Armenian national movement]] organised under [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]]. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in 1908. The last of the [[Census in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman censuses]] was performed in [[1914 population statistics for the Ottoman Empire|1914]]. Despite [[Ottoman military reforms|military reforms]] which reconstituted the [[Ottoman Modern Army]], the Empire lost its North African territories and the Dodecanese in the [[Italo-Turkish War]] (1911) and almost all of its European territories in the [[Balkan Wars]] (1912–1913). The Empire faced continuous unrest in the years leading up to [[World War I]], including the [[31 March Incident]] and two further coups in [[1912 Ottoman coup d'état|1912]] and [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|1913]].