Editing Ontology (information science) (section)

== Engineering ==
{{Main|Ontology engineering}}
Ontology engineering (also called ontology building)  is a set of tasks related to the development of ontologies for a particular domain.<ref name="PIS00">{{cite journal|last1=Pouchard|first1=Line|last2=Ivezic|first2=Nenad|last3=Schlenoff|first3=Craig|date=March 2000|title=Ontology Engineering for Distributed Collaboration in Manufacturing|url=http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/AISfinal2.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the AIS2000 Conference}}</ref> It is a subfield of [[knowledge engineering]] that studies the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tools and languages that support them.<ref name="PFC04">{{cite book |first1=Ascunion |last1=Gómez-Pérez |first2=Mariano |last2=Fernández-López |first3=Oscar |last3=Corcho |year=2004 |title=Ontological Engineering: With Examples from the Areas of Knowledge Management, E-commerce and the Semantic Web |url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b97353 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-85233-551-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b97353/page/n411 403] |edition=1 }}</ref><ref name="DMN">{{cite journal |first1=Antonio |last1=De Nicola |first2=Michele |last2=Missikoff |first3=Roberto |last3=Navigli |year=2009 |url=http://www.dsi.uniroma1.it/~navigli/pubs/De_Nicola_Missikoff_Navigli_2009.pdf |title=A Software Engineering Approach to Ontology Building |journal=[[Information Systems (journal)|Information Systems]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=258–275 | doi = 10.1016/j.is.2008.07.002 }}</ref>

Ontology engineering aims to make explicit the knowledge contained in software applications, and organizational procedures for a particular domain. Ontology engineering offers a direction for overcoming semantic obstacles, such as those related to the definitions of business terms and software classes. Known challenges with ontology engineering include:
# Ensuring the ontology is ''current'' with [[domain knowledge]] and term use
# Providing ''sufficient specificity and concept coverage'' for the domain of interest, thus minimizing the [[content completeness problem]]
# Ensuring the ontology can support its use cases

=== Editors ===
'''Ontology editors''' are applications designed to assist in the creation or manipulation of ontologies. It is common for ontology editors to use one or more [[ontology language (computer science)|ontology languages]].

Aspects of ontology editors include: visual navigation possibilities within the [[knowledge model]], [[inference engine]]s and [[information extraction]]; support for modules; the import and export of foreign [[knowledge representation]] languages for [[ontology matching]]; and the support of meta-ontologies such as [[OWL-S]], [[Dublin Core]], etc.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Emhimed |last=Alatrish |date=2013 |url=http://www.ef.uns.ac.rs/mis/archive-pdf/2013%20-%20No2/MIS2013-2-4.pdf |title=A comparison of some ontology editors |journal=Management Information Systems |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=18–24}}</ref>

=== Learning ===
{{Main|Ontology learning}}
Ontology learning is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting a domain's terms from natural language text. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process.  Information extraction and [[text mining]] have been explored to automatically link ontologies to documents, for example in the context of the BioCreative challenges.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 22438567
| year = 2012
| last1 = Krallinger
| first1 = M
| title = How to link ontologies and protein-protein interactions to literature: Text-mining approaches and the Bio ''Creative'' experience
| journal = Database
| volume = 2012
| pages = bas017
| last2 = Leitner
| first2 = F
| last3 = Vazquez
| first3 = M
| last4 = Salgado
| first4 = D
| last5 = Marcelle
| first5 = C
| last6 = Tyers
| first6 = M
| last7 = Valencia
| first7 = A
| last8 = Chatr-Aryamontri
| first8 = A
| doi = 10.1093/database/bas017
| pmc = 3309177
}}</ref>

=== Research ===
{{further|Epistemology}}

Epistemological assumptions, which in research asks "What do you know? or "How do you know it?", creates the foundation researchers use when approaching a certain topic or area for potential research. As epistemology is directly linked to knowledge and how we come about accepting certain truths, individuals conducting academic research must understand what allows them to begin theory building. Simply, epistemological assumptions force researchers to question how they arrive at the knowledge they have.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}