Editing Old Church Slavonic (section)

==Basis==
{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar}}
Written evidence of Old Church Slavonic survives in a relatively small body of [[manuscripts]], most of them written in the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] during the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. The language has an [[Eastern South Slavic]] basis in the Bulgarian-Macedonian dialectal area, with an admixture of Western Slavic (Moravian) features inherited during the mission of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] to [[Great Moravia]] (863–885).{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|p=64}}

The only well-preserved manuscript of the Moravian recension, the [[Kiev Missal]], or the Kiev Folia, is characterised by the replacement of some South Slavic phonetic and lexical features with Western Slavic ones. Manuscripts written in the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] (1185–1396) have, on the other hand, few Western Slavic features.

Though South Slavic in phonology and morphology, Old Church Slavonic was influenced by Byzantine Greek in syntax and style, and is characterized by complex subordinate sentence structures and participial constructions.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|p=64}}

A large body of complex, polymorphemic words was coined, first by Saint Cyril himself and then by his students at the academies in [[Great Moravia]] and the [[First Bulgarian Empire]], to denote complex abstract and religious terms, e.g., {{script|Cyrs|ꙁълодѣꙗньѥ }} (''zъlodějanьje'') from {{script|Cyrs|ꙁъло}} ('evil') + {{script|Cyrs|дѣти }} ('do') + {{script|Cyrs|ньѥ}} (noun suffix), i.e., 'evil deed'. A significant part of them wеrе calqued directly from Greek.{{sfn|Sussex|Cubberley|2006|p=64}}

Old Church Slavonic is valuable to historical linguists since it preserves archaic features believed to have once been common to all Slavic languages such as:
* Most significantly, the [[yer]] ([[extra-short]]) vowels: {{IPA|/ɪ̆/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ̆/}}
* [[Nasal vowel]]s: {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}
* [[Near-open vowel|Near-open]] articulation of the yat vowel ({{IPA|/æ/}})
* [[Palatal consonant]]s {{IPA|/ɲ/}} and {{IPA|/ʎ/}} from Proto-Slavic *ň and *ľ
* Proto-Slavic declension system based on stem endings, including those that later disappeared in attested languages (such as ''u''-stems)
* [[Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] as a distinct grammatical number from singular and plural
* [[Aorist]], [[imperfect]], Proto-Slavic paradigms for participles

Old Church Slavonic is also likely to have preserved an extremely archaic type of accentuation (probably close to the [[Chakavian dialect]] of modern Serbo-Croatian), but unfortunately, no accent marks appear in the written manuscripts.

The [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] and Eastern South Slavic nature of the language is evident from the following variations:

* Phonetic:
** ''ra, la'' by means of [[liquid metathesis]] of Proto-Slavic *or, *ol clusters
** ''sě'' from Proto-Slavic *xě < *xai
** ''cv, (d)zv'' from Proto-Slavic *kvě, *gvě < *kvai, *gvai
* Morphological:
** Morphosyntactic use of the dative possessive case in personal pronouns and nouns: {{script|Cyrs|братъ ми}} (''bratŭ mi'', "my brother"), {{script|Cyrs|рѫка ти}} (''rǫka ti'', "your hand"), {{script|Cyrs|отъпоущенье грѣхомъ}} (''otŭpuštenĭje grěxomŭ'', "remission of sins"), {{script|Cyrs|храмъ молитвѣ}} (''xramŭ molitvě'', 'house of prayer'), etc.
** [[Periphrasis|periphrastic]] future tense using the verb {{script|Cyrs|хотѣти}} (''xotěti'', "to want"), for example, {{script|Cyrs|хоштѫ писати}} (''xoštǫ pisati'', "I will write")
** Use of the comparative form {{script|Cyrs|мьнии}} (''mĭniji'', "smaller") to denote "younger"
** Morphosyntactic use of suffixed demonstrative pronouns {{script|Cyrs|тъ, та, то}} (''tъ, ta, to''). In Bulgarian and Macedonian, these developed into suffixed definite articles and also took the place of the third person singular and plural pronouns {{script|Cyrs|онъ, она, оно, они}} (''onъ, ona, ono, oni'') > {{script|Cyrs|той/тоj, тя/таа, то/тоа, те/тие}} ('he, she, it, they')

Old Church Slavonic also shares the following phonetic features <em>only</em> with [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]:
* Near-open articulation *æ / *jæ of the ''[[Yat]]'' vowel (ě); still preserved in the Bulgarian dialects of the [[Rhodope mountains]], the [[Razlog dialect]], the [[Shumen dialect]] and partially preserved as *ja (ʲa) across Yakavian Eastern Bulgarian
* {{IPA|/ʃt/}} and {{IPA|/ʒd/}} as reflexes of Proto-Slavic *ťʲ (< *tj and *gt, *kt) and *ďʲ (< *dj).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Reflexes of Proto-Slavic *dj and *tj/*gti/*kti in Old Church Slavonic (OCS) and modern Slavic languages<ref>{{citation|last1=Townsend|first1=Charles E.|last2=Janda|first2=Laura A.|year=1996|title=COMMON and COMPARATIVE SLAVIC: Phonology and Inflection, with special attention to Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian|publisher=Slavica Publishers, Inc.|location=Columbus, Ohio|language=en|isbn=0-89357-264-0|pages=89–90}}</ref>
|- class="static-row-header"
! style="width:80pt;"|[[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]
! style="width:140pt;"|Old Church Slavonic
!  style="width:100pt;"|[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
!  style="width:100pt;"|[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
! style="width:100pt;"|[[Serbo-Croatian]]
! style="width:100pt;"|[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]
! style="width:100pt;"|[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
! style="width:100pt;"|[[Czech language|Czech]]
! style="width:100pt;"|[[Polish language|Polish]]
! style="width:100pt;"|[[Russian language|Russian]]{{ref|1a|1}}
|- class="static-row-header"
|rowspan="2" style="height:40pt;"| {{IPA|*dʲ}}<br>''me'''dj'''a'' ('boundary') || {{align|center|жд &nbsp; (['''{{IPA|ʒd}}'''])}} ||  {{align|center|жд &nbsp; (['''{{IPA|ʒd}}'''])}}||{{align|center|ѓ &nbsp; ('''{{IPAslink|ʄ}}''')}} ||{{align|center|ђ &nbsp; ('''{{IPAslink|d͡ʑ}}''')}}||{{align|center|j &nbsp;  ('''{{IPAslink|j}}''')}} ||{{align|center|dz &nbsp;  ('''{{IPAslink|d͡z}}''')}}||{{align|center|z&nbsp;  ('''{{IPAslink|z}}''')}}||{{align|center|dz&nbsp;  ('''{{IPAslink|d͡z}}''')}}|| {{align|center|ж &nbsp; ('''{{IPAslink|ʐ}}''')}}
|- class="static-row-header"
|{{align|center|''ме{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''жд'''}}а'' }}|| {{align|center|''ме{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''жд'''}}а'' }}||{{align|center|''ме{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''ѓ'''}}а''}}  ||{{align|center|''ме{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''ђ'''}}а''}} ||{{align|center|''me{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''j'''}}a''}} ||{{align|center|''me{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''dz'''}}a''}} ||{{align|center|''me{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''z'''}}a''}} ||{{align|center|''mie{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''dz'''}}a''}} || {{align|center|''ме{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''ж'''}}а'' }}
|- class="static-row-header"
|rowspan="2" style="height:40pt;"| {{IPA|*tʲ}}<br>''svě'''tj'''a''<br>('candle')  ||  {{align|center|щ &nbsp; (['''{{IPA|ʃt}}'''])}} || {{align|center|щ &nbsp; (['''{{IPA|ʃt}}'''])}} || {{align|center|ќ &nbsp; ('''{{IPAslink|c}}''')}}|| {{align|center|ћ  &nbsp;('''{{IPAslink|t͡ɕ}}''')}}||{{align|center|č &nbsp; ('''{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}}''')}}|| {{align|center|c &nbsp;('''{{IPAslink|t͡s}}''')}} || {{align|center|c &nbsp;('''{{IPAslink|t͡s}}''')}} ||{{align|center|c &nbsp;('''{{IPAslink|t͡s}}''')}} || {{align|center|ч &nbsp;('''{{IPAslink|t͡ɕ}}''')}} 
|- class="static-row-header"
|{{align|center|''свѣ{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''щ'''}}а'' }}|| {{align|center|''све{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''щ'''}}'' }}||{{align|center|''све{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''ќ'''}}а''}}  ||{{align|center|''све{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''ћ'''}}а''}} ||{{align|center|''sve{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''č'''}}a''}} ||{{align|center|''svie{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''c'''}}a''}} ||{{align|center|''sví{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''c'''}}e''}} ||{{align|center|''świe{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''c'''}}a''}} || {{align|center|''све{{font color|MediumVioletRed|'''ч'''}}а'' }}
|- 
|}
{{smalldiv|{{note|1a|1}} With the exception of some Ukraining reflexes of *dj as {{IPAslink|d͡z}}, both Belarussian and Ukrainian mirror the development in Russian and feature '''ж''' ({{IPAslink|ʑ}}) and '''ч''' ({{IPAslink|t͡ɕ}}).<ref>{{citation|last=Harasowska|first=Marta|title=Morphophonemic Variability, Productivity, and Change: The Case of Rusyn|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2011|isbn=978-3110804522|pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Hinskens|first1=Frans|last2=Kerswill|first2=Paul|last3=Auer|first3=Peter|title=Dialect Change. Convergence and Divergence in European Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2005|isbn=9781139445351|pages=261}}</ref>}}