Editing Objectivism (section)

== Development by other authors ==
{{See also|Objectivist movement}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300
| image1 = Leonard Peikoff.tiff |width1=319|height1=425
| image2 = TiborMachan Italy06.jpg |width2=319|height2=425
| image3 = Tara Smith.jpg |width3=319|height3=425
| image4 = Harry Binswanger.jpg |width4=319|height4=425
| footer = Philosophers such as [[Leonard Peikoff]], [[Tibor Machan]], [[Harry Binswanger]] and [[Tara Smith (philosopher)|Tara Smith]] (clockwise from upper left) have worked on Objectivism since Rand's death}}
Several authors have developed and applied Rand's ideas in their own work. Rand described Peikoff's ''[[The Ominous Parallels]]'' (1982), as "the first book by an Objectivist philosopher other than myself".<ref>Rand, Ayn. "Introduction". In {{harvnb|Peikoff|1982|p=vii}}</ref> During 1991, Peikoff published ''[[Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand]]'', a comprehensive exposition of Rand's philosophy.<ref>{{harvnb|Peikoff|1991|p=iv}}</ref> [[Chris Matthew Sciabarra]] discusses Rand's ideas and theorizes about their intellectual origins in ''[[Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical]]'' (1995). Surveys such as ''[[On Ayn Rand]]'' by [[Allan Gotthelf]] (1999), ''Ayn Rand'' by [[Tibor R. Machan]] (2000), and ''Objectivism in One Lesson'' by [[Andrew Bernstein (philosopher)|Andrew Bernstein]] (2009) provide briefer introductions to Rand's ideas.

Some scholars have emphasized applying Objectivism to more specific areas. Machan has developed Rand's contextual conception of human knowledge (while also drawing on the insights of [[J. L. Austin]] and [[Gilbert Harman]]) in works such as ''Objectivity'' (2004), and [[David Kelley]] has explicated Rand's epistemological ideas in works such as ''The Evidence of the Senses'' (1986) and ''A Theory of Abstraction'' (2001). Regarding the topic of ethics, Kelley has argued in works such as ''Unrugged Individualism'' (1996) and ''The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand'' (2000) that Objectivists should pay more attention to the virtue of benevolence and place less emphasis on issues of moral sanction. Kelley's claims have been controversial, and critics Peikoff and [[Peter Schwartz (writer)|Peter Schwartz]] have argued that he contradicts important principles of Objectivism.<ref name="Fact and Value">{{harvnb|Peikoff|1989b}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Schwartz|1989}}</ref> Kelley has used the term "Open Objectivism" for a version of Objectivism that involves "a commitment to reasoned, non-dogmatic discussion and debate", "the recognition that Objectivism is open to expansion, refinement, and revision", and "a policy of benevolence toward others, including fellow-travelers and critics".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlassociety.org/open_objectivism_david_kelley|website=Atlas Society|title=A Note to Our Members About Open Objectivism|date=October 17, 2008|last=Kelley|first=David}}</ref> Arguing against Kelley, Peikoff characterized Objectivism as a "closed system" that is not subject to change.<ref name="Fact and Value"/>

An author who emphasizes Rand's ethics, [[Tara Smith (philosopher)|Tara Smith]], retains more of Rand's original ideas in such works as ''Moral Rights and Political Freedom'' (1995), ''Viable Values'' (2000), and ''Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web |title=Comments on Tara Smith's ''Viable Values'' |access-date=May 29, 2009 |date=December 2000 |url=http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/irfankhawaja/viablevaluescomment.html |first=Irfan |last=Khawaja }}; {{cite journal |title=Egoism Explained: A Review of Tara Smith's ''Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist'' |journal=The Objective Standard |date=Spring 2007 |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2007-spring/egoism-explained.asp |first=Diana |last=Hsieh|access-date=May 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328111053/http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2007-spring/egoism-explained.asp |archive-date=March 28, 2014 }}</ref> In collaboration with Peikoff, David Harriman has developed a theory of [[scientific method|scientific]] [[Inductive reasoning|induction]] based upon Rand's theory of concepts in ''The Logical Leap: Induction in Physics'' (2010).<ref>Harriman, David, ''The Logical Leap'', 2010, New American Library.</ref>

The [[Political philosophy|political]] aspects of Rand's philosophy are discussed by Bernstein in ''The Capitalist Manifesto'' (2005). In ''Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics'' (1996), [[George Reisman]] attempts to integrate Objectivist methodology and insights with both [[Classical Economics|Classical]] and [[Austrian Economics|Austrian economics]]. In psychology, Professor [[Edwin Locke|Edwin A. Locke]] and Ellen Kenner have explored Rand's ideas in the publication ''The Selfish Path to Romance: How to Love with Passion & Reason''.<ref>[[Edwin Locke|Locke, Edwin]] and Kenner, Ellen, Platform, 2011</ref> Other writers have explored the application of Objectivism to fields ranging from [[aesthetics|art]], as in ''What Art Is'' (2000) by Louis Torres and [[Michelle Marder Kamhi]], to [[teleology]], as in ''The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts'' (1990) by [[Harry Binswanger]].