Editing North East England (section)

==Demographics==
{{See also|Demographics of Tees Valley}}[[File:North East population pyramid 2020.svg|thumb|355x355px|Population pyramid in 2020]]
[[File:Regional Profile of the North East.png|thumb]]
The North East has the smallest population of all English regions.

The North East with [[Scotland]], the [[South West England|South West]] of England, [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]] are the British regions to have seen the least immigration in over 50 years.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Britain's immigration map revealed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm|access-date=7 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908100302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm|archive-date=8 September 2005|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2023}}<!-- Whole paragraph-->
The Northeast of England as a region has the lowest rate of HIV infection in the UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/LocalServices/NorthEast/NorthEastPressReleases/neast111129HIVannualreport/ |title=New North East HIV diagnoses hit highest level since 2005 |publisher=HPA |access-date=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603013326/http://www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/LocalServices/NorthEast/NorthEastPressReleases/neast111129HIVannualreport/ |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref> but has the highest rate of heart attacks among men and of lung cancer among women in England, along with the highest male lung cancer rate in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcrf-uk.org/cancer_prevention/health_professionals/uk_cancer_statistics.php |title=UK cancer statistics |website=World Cancer Research Fund |access-date=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923155406/http://www.wcrf-uk.org/cancer_prevention/health_professionals/uk_cancer_statistics.php |archive-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref>

In 2010, the region had the second highest trade union membership among UK men.<ref>{{cite web |first=James|last=Archer|website=Department for Business Innovation and Skills|title=Trade Union membership 2010|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32191/11-p77-trade-union-membership-2010.pdf|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101205316/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32191/11-p77-trade-union-membership-2010.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2023}}<!-- Whole paragraph-->

Higher education students from the North East are most likely to pick a university in their home region.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|title=North-south divide in university admissions|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13782315|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609043725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13782315|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The last immigration wave before the 21st century was in the late 1990s as a result of the government's dispersal policy scheme that relocated asylum seekers and new arrivals throughout the country. In 2017, most migrants were non-EU born, and about 60,000 EU-born.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=co-curate.ncl.ac.uk|title=Immigration and links with other countries|url=https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/immigration-and-links-with-other-countries/|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Ethnic group
! colspan="2" |1971 estimations<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8915s |title=Explaining ethnic differences: Changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain |date=2003 |publisher=Bristol University Press |edition=1|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1t8915s |jstor=j.ctt1t8915s }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1981 estimations<ref>{{cite journal |date=1985 |title=Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806 |journal=Commission for Racial Equality |pages=Table 2.1 |last1=Equality |first1=Commission for Racial }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name=":412">Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total
!–
!99.6%
!2,544,069
!99%
!2,507,133
!98.6%
!2,455,416
!97.61%
!2,475,567
!95.32%
!2,462,720
!93.1%
|-
|White: [[White British|British]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|2,425,592
|96.42%
|2,431,423
|93.62%
|2,397,557
|90.6%
|-
|White: [[Irish Briton|Irish]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|8,682
|
|8,035
|
|8,384
|0.3%
|-
|White: [[Irish Traveller]]/[[Romani people|Gypsy]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
| –
| –
|1,684
|
|2,621
|0.1%
|-
|White: Roma
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|2,375
|0.1%
|-
|White: [[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|21,142
|
|34,425
|
|51,783
|2.0%
|-
![[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
!27,626
!1.1%
!39,630
!1.57%
!74,599
!2.87%
!98,046
!3.6%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|7,470
|
|10,156
|
|15,817
|
|22,021
|0.8%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|9,257
|
|14,074
|
|19,831
|
|27,290
|1.0%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|3,416
|
|6,167
|
|10,972
|
|16,355
|0.6%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|4,519
|
|6,048
|
|14,284
|
|14,442
|0.5%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: [[British Asian|Asian Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|2,964
|
|3,185
|
|13,695
|
|17,938
|0.7%
|-
![[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
!4,057
!0.2%
!3,953
!0.15%
!13,220
!0.5%
!26,635
!1%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[Black British|African]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,428
|
|2,597
|
|10,982
|
|22,066
|0.8%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,013
|
|927
|
|1,193
|
|1,704
|0.1%
|-
|Black or Black British: [[Other Black|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,616
|
|429
|
|1,045
|
|2,865
|0.1%
|-
![[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!12,228
!0.48%
!22,449
!0.86%
!33,271
!1.2%
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|2,783
|
|5,938
|
|5,650
|0.2%
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[Black British|African]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,741
|
|3,549
|
|6,527
|0.2%
|-
|Mixed: [[White people|White]] and [[British Asian|Asian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|4,733
|
|8,022
|
|12,490
|0.5%
|-
|Mixed: [[Multiracial|Other Mixed]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|2,971
|
|4,940
|
|8,604
|0.3%
|-
!Other: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
!4,753
!0.2%
!4,215
!0.16%
!11,051
!0.42%
!26,342
!1%
|-
|Other: [[Arab people|Arab]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
| –
| –
|5,850
|
|10,406
|0.4%
|-
|Other: Any other ethnic group
|–
|–
|–
|–
|4,753
|0.2%
|4,215
|0.16%
|5,201
|
|15,936
|0.6%
|-
!Non-White: Total
!–
!0.4%
!26,247
!1%
!36,436
!1.4%
!60,026
!2.4%
!121,319
!4.7%
!184,294
!6.9%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!–
!100%
!2,570,316
!100%
!2,543,569
!100%
!2,515,442
!100%
!2,596,886
!100%
!2,647,014
!100%
|}

===Population genetics===
North East England, together with Tweeddale, was the ancient British tribal kingdom of [[Bernicia]] (Bryneich) and is notable for providing the stable ancestry of its present indigenous population, which has been identified by DNA analysis to be an offshoot of the group  "Scotland, Cumbria and the North of Ireland", but not so closely related to the other peoples of the UK.<ref>{{cite journal|title = The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population|journal = Nature|date = 19 March 2015|volume = 519|issue = 7543|pages = 309–314|doi = 10.1038/nature14230|pmid = 25788095|pmc = 4632200|bibcode = 2015Natur.519..309.|last1 = Leslie|first1 = Stephen|last2 = Winney|first2 = Bruce|last3 = Hellenthal|first3 = Garrett|last4 = Davison|first4 = Dan|last5 = Boumertit|first5 = Abdelhamid|last6 = Day|first6 = Tammy|last7 = Hutnik|first7 = Katarzyna|last8 = Royrvik|first8 = Ellen&nbsp;C.|last9 = Cunliffe|first9 = Barry|last10 = Lawson|first10 = Daniel&nbsp;J.|last11 = Falush|first11 = Daniel|last12 = Freeman|first12 = Colin|last13 = Pirinen|first13 = Matti|last14 = Myers|first14 = Simon|last15 = Robinson|first15 = Mark|last16 = Donnelly|first16 = Peter|last17 = Bodmer|first17 = Walter|last18 = Donnelly|first18 = P.|last19 = Bodmer|first19 = W.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleofthebritishisles.org/nl6.pdf |title=Newsletter Issue 6 - March 2015 |access-date=1 January 2017 |publisher=People of the British Isles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111723/http://www.peopleofthebritishisles.org/nl6.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>
In a 2022 study by Joscha Gretzinger et al., the population of North East England was found to be among the groups with the highest amount of Iron Age/Roman period [[Insular Celts|British Isles-related]] ancestry, being on par with [[Cornish people|Cornish]] people in that regard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gretzinger |first1=J. |last2=Sayer |first2=D. |last3=Justeau |first3=P. |display-authors=etal|title=The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool |journal=Nature |year=2022 |volume=610 |issue=7930 |pages=112–119 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 |pmid=36131019 |pmc=9534755 |bibcode=2022Natur.610..112G }}</ref>

===Teenage pregnancy===
{{Update|section|date=June 2023|reason=Much of the data here is now over ten years old}}
The Office for National Statistics in April 2013 report that the estimated number of conceptions to women aged under 18 in England and Wales in 2011 is the lowest since records began in 1969.<ref name="Office for National Statistics">{{cite web|publisher=Office for National Statistics|title=Teenage pregnancies at lowest level since records began|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/conception-statistics--england-and-wales/2011/sty-conception-estimates-2011.html|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915083732/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/conception-statistics--england-and-wales/2011/sty-conception-estimates-2011.html|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>  Conception statistics include pregnancies that result in either one or more live births or stillbirths or a legal abortion.

A comparison of rates across regions in England shows that the North East had the highest of under 18 conception rates in 2011, with 38.4 per thousand women aged 15–17. The South East had the lowest rate for women aged under 18 in 2011 with 26.1 per thousand women aged 15–17.<ref name="Office for National Statistics" />

===Social deprivation===
A study into social deprivation was published in 2010 to help the local partners developing a Regional Strategy for the North East better understand the factors influencing deprivation in the region. The study had two main aspects: Firstly to establish if there are different types of deprived neighbourhoods in the Northeast, and if so, how deprived neighbourhoods can be better recognised. Secondly to present a summary of "what works" in tackling deprivation in each of these types of area.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sutherland |first1=V. |last2=McTier |first2=A. |last3=Macdougall |first3=L. |last4=McGregor |first4=A. |website=University of Glasgow |title=Factors Influencing Deprivation in North East England |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/45807/1/45807.pdf|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427032241/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/45807/1/45807.pdf|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

The report discusses the factors influencing deprivation and points out that it is a significant problem for the North East with 34% of the regions Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) are amongst England's 20% most deprived in the 2007 [[Indices of deprivation 2007|Indices of Deprivation]] (these indices have been [[Indices of deprivation 2010|updated in 2010]]). It takes many years for areas to become deprived, suggesting that the underlying causes of area-based deprivation are long-term such as:
* Major changes in the employment base, which has changed the nature and spatial distribution of jobs in the UK and within specific regions and localities.
* The "residential sorting" effects of the public and private housing markets.
Industrial restructuring has disproportionately affected some communities and groups. In particular:
* Job losses in manufacturing and coalmining were most severely felt in the north of England, Scotland and Wales – and particular communities within these areas.
* As a result of the types of jobs that were lost, some demographic groups – particularly older working age males in skilled manual work – were more likely to be affected than others.{{update inline|date=May 2023}}<!-- All these bullet points and the whole paragraph-->

The region's most deprived council districts, as measured by the LSOA data<ref>Communities and Local Government. ''[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf The English Indices of deprivation 2007]''</ref> before County Durham and Northumberland became unitary authorities in 2007, are in descending order [[Easington (district)|Easington]] (7th in England), Middlesbrough (9th), Hartlepool (23rd), [[Wear Valley]] (33rd), Sunderland (35th), Newcastle upon Tyne (37th), South Tyneside (38th), Wansbeck (46th), Redcar and Cleveland (50th), Gateshead (52nd), [[Sedgefield (borough)|Sedgefield]] (54th), [[Derwentside]] (73rd), [[Blyth Valley]] (80th), and Stockton on Tees (98th). The least deprived council districts in 2007 were, in descending order, Tynedale, [[Castle Morpeth]], [[Teesdale (district)|Teesdale]], then [[Alnwick (district)|Alnwick]]. Since the April 2009 abolition of these four districts, Northumberland is the least deprived, followed by North Tyneside. Unemployment is a severe problem in the North East, where many children grow up in households where no adult works. in 2010 Easington had the highest rate in the country, as 40.3% of its households with children had no working adult, followed by Sedgefield with 34%.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}{{update inline|date=May 2023}}<!-- Whole paragraph-->

As of April 2013, youth unemployment in the North East was 24.8%, with 51,000 out of work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/youth-unemployment-set-to-top-1-million-again|title=Youth unemployment set to top 1 million again {{!}} IPPR|date=16 April 2013 |publisher=IPPR North|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232300/https://www.ippr.org/news-and-media/press-releases/youth-unemployment-set-to-top-1-million-again|archive-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> In 2013, the Office for National Statistics report issued the statements highlighted in the table below:<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Office for National Statistics|title=Regional Labour Market Statistics, June 2013|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-labour/regional-labour-market-statistics/june-2013/index.html|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117063129/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-labour/regional-labour-market-statistics/june-2013/index.html|archive-date=17 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The North East compared to other regions in 2013
!Rate!!Highest!!<!--Between (rank)||-->Lowest
|-
!Employed
|South East (74.8%)
<!--|''rank, North East ()''-->
|''North East (66.6%)''
|-
!Unemployed
|''North East (10.1%)''
<!--|''rank, North East ()''-->
|South West (6.2%)
|-
!Inactive
|''North East (25.8%)''
<!--||''rank, North East ()''-->
|South East (19.8%)
|-
!Claimant 
|''North East (7.2%)''
<!--||''rank, North East ()''-->
|South East (2.7%)
|}
In November 2017 the region's employment dropped to 5.5%, the joint highest unemployment rate in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/regionallabourmarket/november2017|title=Regional labour market statistics in the UK – Office for National Statistics|last=robers1|website=www.ons.gov.uk|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194615/https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/regionallabourmarket/november2017|archive-date=5 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ONS ITL ===
In the [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] [[International Territorial Levels]] (ITL), North East England is a level-1 ITL region, coded "UKC", which is subdivided as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:gold; text-align:left;"
! ITL 1
! Code
! ITL 2
! Code
! ITL 3
! Code
|-
| North East England
| UKC
| rowspan="4" | [[Tees Valley]] and [[County Durham (district)|Durham]]
| rowspan="4" | UKC1
| [[Hartlepool (borough)|Hartlepool]] and [[Stockton-on-Tees (borough)|Stockton-on-Tees]]
| UKC11
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:NUTS 3 regions of North East England map.svg|180px]]
| South [[Teesside]] ([[Middlesbrough (borough)|Middlesbrough]] and [[Redcar and Cleveland]])
| UKC12
|-
| [[Darlington (borough)|Darlington]]
| UKC13
|-
| [[County Durham (district)|Durham]]
| UKC14
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Northumberland]] and [[Tyne and Wear]]
| rowspan="3" | UKC2
| [[Northumberland]]
| UKC21
|-
| [[Tyneside]] ([[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]], [[South Tyneside]], [[North Tyneside]])
| UKC22
|-
| [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
| UKC23
|}