Editing Nihonium (section)

=== Naming ===
[[File:Kosuke Morita and Hiroshi Matsumoto cropped Hideto Enyo Kosuke Morita Koji Morimoto and Hiroshi Matsumoto 20161201.jpg|thumb|[[Kōsuke Morita]] and [[Hiroshi Matsumoto (engineer)|Hiroshi Matsumoto]], celebrating the naming on 1 December 2016.|alt=Lead researcher Kosuke Morita and Riken president Hiroshi Matsumoto from Riken showing "Nh" being added to the periodic table]]

Using [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements]], nihonium would be known as ''eka-thallium''. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ''ununtrium'' (with the corresponding symbol of ''Uut''),<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal |author=Chatt, J. |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |date=1979 |volume=51 |pages=381–384 |title=Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100 |doi=10.1351/pac197951020381 |issue=2|doi-access=free }}</ref> a [[systematic element name]] as a [[placeholder name|placeholder]], until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a name is decided on. The recommendations were widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, but were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it "element 113", with the symbol of ''E113'', ''(113)'', or even simply ''113''.<ref name="Haire" />

Before the JWP recognition of their priority, the Japanese team had unofficially suggested various names: ''japonium'', after their home country;<ref name="aaa" /> ''nishinanium'', after Japanese physicist [[Yoshio Nishina]], the "founding father of modern physics research in Japan";<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASDG2604F_W2A920C1CR8000/ |date=27 September 2012 |newspaper=[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]] |language=ja|script-title=ja:新元素113番、日本の発見確実に 合成に３回成功 |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> and ''rikenium'', after the institute.<ref name="aaa">{{cite web |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/element-113-at-last/ |title=Element 113 at Last? |first=Richard Van |last=Noorden |website=[[Scientific American]] |date=27 September 2012}}</ref> After the recognition, the Riken team gathered in February 2016 to decide on a name. Morita expressed his desire for the name to honour the fact that element 113 had been discovered in Japan. ''Japonium'' was considered, making the connection to Japan easy to identify for non-Japanese, but it was rejected as ''[[Jap]]'' is considered an [[ethnic slur]]. The name ''nihonium'' was chosen after an hour of deliberation: it comes from {{nihongo||日本|[[Names of Japan#Nihon and Nippon|Nihon]]}}, one of the two Japanese pronunciations for the name of Japan.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Proposed name for 113th element a fulfilled wish for Japanese researchers |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160609/p2a/00m/0na/010000c |newspaper=The Mainichi |date=9 June 2016 |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> The discoverers also intended to reference the support of their research by the Japanese people (Riken being almost entirely government-funded),<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=9 June 2016 |title=Naming 113th element 'nihonium' a tribute to Japanese public support: researcher |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160609/p2a/00m/0na/014000c |newspaper=The Mainichi |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> recover lost pride and trust in science among those who were affected by the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]],<ref name="IUPAC-June2016" /> and honour Japanese chemist [[Masataka Ogawa]]'s 1908 discovery of [[rhenium]], which he named "nipponium" with symbol Np after the other Japanese pronunciation of Japan's name.<ref name="namingiupac" /> As Ogawa's claim had not been accepted, the name "nipponium" could not be reused for a new element, and its symbol Np had since been used for [[neptunium]].{{efn|Neptunium had been first reported at Riken by Nishina and [[Kenjiro Kimura]] in 1940, who did not get naming rights because they could not chemically separate and identify their discovery.<ref name="Ikeda">{{cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=Nagao |date=25 July 2011 |title=The discoveries of uranium 237 and symmetric fission – From the archival papers of Nishina and Kimura |pmc=3171289 |journal=Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=371–376 |doi=10.2183/pjab.87.371 |pmid=21785255 |bibcode=2011PJAB...87..371I}}</ref><ref name="Enyo">{{cite web |url=https://www.ssken.gr.jp/MAINSITE/event/2017/20170526-generalmeeting/lecture-01/SSKEN_generalmeeting2017_EnyoHideto_presentation.pdf |language=ja |script-title=ja:ビックバンから １１３番元素ニホニウムまで、元素創成の１３８億年 |title=Bikkuban kara 113-ban genso nihoniumu made, genso sōsei no 138 oku-nen |trans-title=From the Big Bang to the 113th element nihonium: element creation of 13.8 billion years |last=En'yo |first=Hideto |date=26 May 2017 |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004320/https://www.ssken.gr.jp/MAINSITE/event/2017/20170526-generalmeeting/lecture-01/SSKEN_generalmeeting2017_EnyoHideto_presentation.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>}} In March 2016, Morita proposed the name "nihonium" to IUPAC, with the symbol Nh.<ref name="namingiupac" /> The naming realised what had been a national dream in Japanese science ever since Ogawa's claim.<ref name="podcast" />

The former president of IUPAP, [[Cecilia Jarlskog]], complained at the Nobel Symposium on Superheavy Elements in [[Bäckaskog Castle]], Sweden, in June 2016 about the lack of openness involved in the process of approving new elements, and stated that she believed that the JWP's work was flawed and should be redone by a new JWP. A survey of physicists determined that many felt that the Lund–GSI 2016 criticisms of the JWP report were well-founded, but it was also generally thought that the conclusions would hold up if the work was redone. Thus the new president, [[Bruce McKellar]], ruled that the proposed names should be released in a joint IUPAP–IUPAC press release.<ref name="McKellar">{{cite web |url=http://iupap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Presidents-report-20161013-2.pdf |title=President's report to the meeting of the IUPAP Council and Commission Chairs |last=McKellar |first=Bruce |date=22–23 October 2016 |publisher=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102094153/http://iupap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Presidents-report-20161013-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> IUPAC and IUPAP publicised the proposal of ''nihonium'' that June,<ref name="IUPAC-June2016">{{cite web |url=http://iupac.org/iupac-is-naming-the-four-new-elements-nihonium-moscovium-tennessine-and-oganesson/ |title=IUPAC Is Naming The Four New Elements Nihonium, Moscovium, Tennessine, And Oganesson |date=8 June 2016 |publisher=IUPAC |access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> and set a five-month term to collect comments, after which the name would be formally established at a conference.<ref name="mainichi.jp">{{cite web |title=Japan scientists plan to name atomic element 113 'Nihonium' |date=8 June 2016 |newspaper=Mainichi Shimbun |url=http://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160608/p2g/00m/0fp/060000c |quote=Japanese scientists who discovered the atomic element 113 plan to name it "Nihonium", sources close to the matter said Wednesday. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609135534/http://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160608/p2g/00m/0fp/060000c |archive-date=9 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="sankei.com-2016">{{cite web |title=ニホニウム」有力 日本初の新元素名称案、国際機関が９日公表 |trans-title=Nihonium the most probable |newspaper=The Sankei Shimbun |date=6 June 2016 |language=ja |quote=Rather than initially proposed ''Japanium'' which is derived from Latin or French, Morita group leader seems to stick to his own language. |url=http://www.sankei.com/life/news/160608/lif1606080005-n1.html}}</ref> The name was officially approved on 28 November 2016.<ref name="IUPAC-Nov2016">{{cite web |url=https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118 |title=IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 |date=30 November 2016 |publisher=IUPAC |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> The naming ceremony for the new element was held in [[Tokyo]], Japan, on 14 March 2017, with [[Naruhito]], then the Crown Prince of Japan, in attendance.<ref>{{cite news |work=News on Japan |date=15 March 2017 |title=Naming ceremony held for new element 'nihonium' |url=http://newsonjapan.com/html/newsdesk/article/119326.php |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132830/http://newsonjapan.com/html/newsdesk/article/119326.php |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>