Editing Newcastle upon Tyne (section)

===Grainger Town===
{{Main|Grainger Town}}
[[File:Newcastle England, Grainger Street c. 1906.jpg|thumb|right|Grainger Street, circa 1906]]
The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by [[Richard Grainger]], a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including [[Grainger Market]], [[Theatre Royal, Newcastle|Theatre Royal]], [[Earl grey|Grey]] Street, Grainger Street and [[John Clayton (town clerk)|Clayton]] Street.<ref name=ggrmrkt2>{{cite web
 |title       = History of the Grainger Market
 |quote       = Richard Grainger, builder and developer, planned and constructed some of Newcastle's finest buildings and streets during 1830s including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger and Clayton Street.
 |publisher   = Newcastle.gov.uk
 |url         = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
 |access-date  = 3 March 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
 |archive-date = 25 August 2010
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.<ref name=GgrMrkt1>{{cite web
 |title       = History of the Grainger Market
 |quote       = Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone.'
 |publisher   = newcastle.gov.uk
 |url         = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
 |access-date  = 3 March 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
 |archive-date = 25 August 2010
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are [[listed building|listed]], of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.
[[File:Earl Grey atop his monument (geograph 2368405).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Grey's Monument]]

[[Grey's Monument]], which commemorates Prime Minister [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Earl Grey]] and his [[Reform Act 1832]], stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by [[Edward Hodges Baily]] and [[John and Benjamin Green|Benjamin Green]]. Hodges, who also built [[Nelson's Column]], designed and built the statue,<ref name = "Baily2010-2010-07-26">{{cite web
 | title = GRAINGER TOWN, Greys Monument, Edward Hodges Baily
 | quote = His statue by sculptor Edward Hodges Baily (also responsible for Nelson's Column) tops a column, Grey's Monument, of {{convert|41|m|ft|abbr=off}}. It has remained a favourite meeting place since it was unveiled in 1838.
 | url = http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
 | access-date = 26 July 2010
| archive-date = 23 August 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823095119/http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
 }}</ref> and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.<ref name="BenjaminGreen2010-07-26">{{cite web
 | title = Newcastle Upon Tyne: The Architecture...; Greys Monument Centrepiece
 | quote = The centrepiece is Grey's Monument, designed in 1838 by Benjamin Green
 | access-date =26 July 2010
| url = http://history.knoji.com/newcastle-upon-tyne-the-architecture-of-an-historic-city/
 }}</ref>

The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.<ref name =Grain201308/> The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.<ref name=ggrmrkt3/> At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.<ref name=ggrmrkt3/> The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.<ref name=ggrmrkt3/> With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.<ref name=ggrmrkt3>{{cite web
 |title       = History of the Grainger Market
 |publisher   = Newcastle.gov.uk
 |url         = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
 |access-date  = 3 March 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
 |archive-date = 25 August 2010
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.<ref name =Grain201308>{{cite web| title = Grainger Market| url = http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-304574-grainger-market- | publisher = britishlistedbuildings.co.uk | access-date =28 August 2013}}</ref>

The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of [[Grainger Town]] as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of [[T. Dan Smith]], the leader of [[Newcastle City Council]]. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and [[John Poulson]], a [[Real estate developer|property developer]] from [[Pontefract]], West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the [[BBC TV]] mini-series, ''[[Our Friends in the North]]''.<ref>Flannery, Peter. ''Retrospective – An interview with the creators of the series''. Included as a bonus feature on the ''[[Our Friends in the North]]'' DVD release. (BMG DVD 74321 941149).</ref>

====Chinatown====
[[File:Porte Chinatown Newcastle Tyne 5.jpg|thumb|Newcastle's Chinatown arch|alt=A red gold and blue Chinese arch over a busy city centre street]]
Newcastle's thriving [[Chinatown, Newcastle|Chinatown]] lies in the north-west of [[Grainger Town]], centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or ''[[paifang]]'', providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/chinese-new-year-2015-newcastle-8518677|title=Chinese New Year 2015 Newcastle: Guide to shops and restaurants in Chinatown|first=Sarah |last=Jeffery|date=26 January 2015|work=nechronicle}}</ref>