Editing Neuroscience (section)

==Major branches==
Modern neuroscience education and research activities can be very roughly categorized into the following major branches, based on the subject and scale of the system in examination as well as distinct experimental or curricular approaches. Individual neuroscientists, however, often work on questions that span several distinct subfields.
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{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of the major branches of neuroscience
|-
!Branch || Description
|-
| [[Affective neuroscience]]
| Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms involved in emotion, typically through experimentation on animal models.<ref>{{cite book|author=Panksepp J|chapter=A role for "affective neuroscience" in understanding stress: the case of separation distress circuitry|editor=Puglisi-Allegra S|editor2=Oliverio A|isbn=978-0-7923-0682-5|location=Dordrecht, Netherlands|pages=41–58|publisher=Kluwer Academic|title=Psychobiology of Stress|date=1990}}</ref>
|-
| [[Behavioral neuroscience]]
| Behavioral neuroscience (also known as biological psychology, physiological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology) is the application of the principles of biology to the study of genetic, physiological, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and non-human animals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Roger K |title=INTRODUCTION: A Biopsychology Festschrift in Honor of Lelon J. Peacock |journal=Journal of General Psychology |volume=120 |issue=1 |date=1993 |pages=5 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/9a1008445b1e835f7c4c7e2292307c79/1 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Cellular neuroscience]]
| Cellular neuroscience is the study of neurons at a cellular level including morphology and physiological properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/subjects/cellular-neuroscience|title = Cellular neuroscience - Latest research and news |work=Nature}}</ref>
|-
| [[Clinical neuroscience]]
| The [[Scientific method|scientific study]] of the biological mechanisms that underlie the disorders and diseases of the [[nervous system]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=https://neuro.georgetown.edu/about-neuroscience/|title=About Neuroscience}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cognitive neuroscience]]
| Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the biological mechanisms underlying cognition.<ref name="georgetown1"/>
|-
| [[Computational neuroscience]]
| Computational neuroscience is the theoretical study of the nervous system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/subjects/computational-neuroscience|title = Computational neuroscience - Latest research and news |work=Nature}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cultural neuroscience]]
| Cultural neuroscience is the study of how cultural values, practices and beliefs shape and are shaped by the mind, brain and genes across multiple timescales.<ref>Chiao, J.Y. & Ambady, N. (2007). Cultural neuroscience: Parsing universality and diversity across levels of analysis. In Kitayama, S. and Cohen, D. (Eds.) Handbook of Cultural Psychology, Guilford Press, New York, pp. 237–254.</ref>
|-
| [[Developmental neuroscience]]
| Developmental neuroscience studies the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system and seeks to describe the cellular basis of neural development to address underlying mechanisms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neuroscience.umn.edu/areas-research/developmental-neuroscience|title = Developmental Neuroscience &#124; Graduate Program in Neuroscience}}</ref>
|-
| [[Evolutionary neuroscience]]
| Evolutionary neuroscience studies the evolution of nervous systems.<ref>Eryomin A.L. (2022) [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0006350922020051 Biophysics of Evolution of Intellectual Systems // Biophysics, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 320–326.]</ref>
|-
| [[Molecular neuroscience]]
| Molecular neuroscience studies the nervous system with molecular biology, molecular genetics, protein chemistry, and related methodologies.<ref>Longstaff, Alan; Revest, Patricia (1998). Molecular Neuroscience. Garland Science. ISBN 978-1859962503.</ref>
|-
| [[Nanoneuroscience]]
| An interdisciplinary field that integrates nanotechnology and neuroscience.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pampaloni |first1=Niccolò Paolo |last2=Giugliano |first2=Michele |last3=Scaini |first3=Denis |last4=Ballerini |first4=Laura |last5=Rauti |first5=Rossana |title=Advances in Nano Neuroscience: From Nanomaterials to Nanotools |journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience |date=15 January 2019 |volume=12 |page=953 |doi=10.3389/fnins.2018.00953 |pmid=30697140 |pmc=6341218 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| [[Neural engineering]]
| Neural engineering uses engineering techniques to interact with, understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.embs.org/about-biomedical-engineering/our-areas-of-research/neural-engineering/|title=Neural Engineering – EMBS|access-date=2021-11-11|archive-date=2022-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619233019/https://www.embs.org/about-biomedical-engineering/our-areas-of-research/neural-engineering/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neuroanatomy]]
| Neuroanatomy is the study of the [[anatomy]] of [[nervous system]]s.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1946 |chapter=Neuroanatomy |title=Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development |date=2011 |last1=Lyle |first1=Randall R. |page=1011 |isbn=978-0-387-77579-1 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Neurochemistry]]
|Neurochemistry is the study of how [[neurochemical]]s interact and influence the function of neurons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neurochemistry|title=Definition of NEUROCHEMISTRY|date=19 May 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Neuroethology]]
| Neuroethology is the study of the neural basis of non-human animals behavior.
|-
| [[Neurogastronomy]]
| Neurogastronomy is the study of flavor and how it affects sensation, cognition, and memory.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Neurogastronomy : how the brain creates flavor and why it matters |author1=Shepherd, Gordon M. |isbn=9780231159111|oclc=882238865|date=2013-07-16|publisher=Columbia University Press }}</ref>
|-
|[[Neurogenetics]]
|Neurogenetics is the study of the genetical basis of the development and function of the [[nervous system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/10048|title = Neurogenetics| date=2024 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Neuroimaging]]
| Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure and function of the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3389/fneur.2020.00257|doi-access=free|title=Editorial: Advances of Neuroimaging and Data Analysis|year=2020|last1=Zhang|first1=Jue|last2=Chen|first2=Kun|last3=Wang|first3=Di|last4=Gao|first4=Fei|last5=Zheng|first5=Yijia|last6=Yang|first6=Mei|journal=Frontiers in Neurology|volume=11|page=257|pmid=32322238|pmc=7156609}}</ref>
|-
|[[Neuroimmunology]]
|Neuroimmunology is concerned with the interactions between the nervous and the immune system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/subjects/neuroimmunology|title = Neuroimmunology - Latest research and news |work=Nature}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neuroinformatics]]
| Neuroinformatics is a discipline within bioinformatics that conducts the organization of neuroscience data and application of computational models and analytical tools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroinformatics|title = Frontiers in Neuroinformatics}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neurolinguistics]]
| Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coursera.org/learn/neuroling|title=Neurolinguistics|access-date=2021-11-11|archive-date=2022-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303095846/https://www.coursera.org/learn/neuroling|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="georgetown1"/>
|-
| [[Neuro-ophthalmology]]
| Neuro-ophthalmology is an academically oriented subspecialty that merges the fields of neurology and ophthalmology, often dealing with complex systemic diseases that have manifestations in the visual system.
|-
| [[Neurophysics]]
| Neurophysics is the branch of biophysics dealing with the development and use of physical methods to gain information about the nervous system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ion/research/our-departments/neuroinflammation/research-groups-and-themes/magnetic-resonance-physics|title = Neurophysics at the ION|date = 29 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neurophysiology]]
| Neurophysiology is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system, generally using physiological techniques that include measurement and stimulation with electrodes or optically with ion- or voltage-sensitive dyes or light-sensitive channels.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8265-8_779|doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_779|chapter = Neurophysiology|title = Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions|year = 2013|last1 = Luhmann|first1 = Heiko J.|pages = 1497–1500|isbn = 978-1-4020-8264-1}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neuropsychology]]
| Neuropsychology is a discipline that resides under the umbrellas of both psychology and neuroscience, and is involved in activities in the arenas of both basic science and applied science. In psychology, it is most closely associated with [[biopsychology]], [[clinical psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]], and [[developmental psychology]]. In neuroscience, it is most closely associated with the cognitive, behavioral, social, and affective neuroscience areas. In the applied and medical domain, it is related to neurology and psychiatry.<ref>Gluck, Mark A.; Mercado, Eduardo; Myers, Catherine E. (2016). Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior. New York/NY, USA: Worth Publishers. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-319-15405-9.</ref>
|-
| [[Neuropsychopharmacology]]
| Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to [[psychopharmacology]] and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior.<ref>{{cite book |title=Neuropsychopharmacology : an official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology |date=2002 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=Lippincott Williams and Wilkins |isbn=9781469879031 |edition=Fifth |url=https://acnp.org/digital-library/neuropsychopharmacology-5th-generation-progress/ |last1=Davis |first1=Kenneth L. }}</ref>
|-
| [[Optogenetics]]
| Optogenetics is a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light.
|-
|[[Paleoneurobiology]]
|Paleoneurobiology is a field that combines techniques used in paleontology and archeology to study brain evolution, especially that of the human brain.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Emiliano |last=Bruner |url=http://www.emilianobruner.it/pdf/Paleoneuro03.pdf |title=Fossil traces of the human thought: paleoneurology and the evolution of the genus ''Homo'' |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=81 |year=2003 |pages=29–56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426012134/http://www.emilianobruner.it/pdf/Paleoneuro03.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Social neuroscience]]
| Social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior, and to using biological concepts and methods to inform and refine theories of social processes and behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cacioppo |first1=John T. |last2=Berntson |first2=Gary G. |last3=Decety |first3=Jean |title=Social Neuroscience and ITS Relationship to Social Psychology |journal=Social Cognition |date=2010 |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=675–685 |doi=10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.675 |pmid=24409007 |pmc=3883133 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Systems neuroscience]]
| Systems neuroscience is the study of the function of neural circuits and systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biophysics.berkeley.edu/systems-neuroscience/|title = Systems Neuroscience}}</ref>
|}