Editing Neoliberalism (section)

==== Chile ====
{{further|Crisis of 1982|Miracle of Chile|2019–2021 Chilean protests}}
Chile was among the earliest nations to implement neoliberal reform. [[Marxism|Marxist]] economic geographer [[David Harvey]] has described the substantial neoliberal reforms in Chile beginning in the 1970s as "the first experiment with neoliberal state formation", which would provide "helpful evidence to support the subsequent turn to neoliberalism in both Britain... and the United States."{{sfnp|Harvey|2005|p=}} Similarly, [[Vincent Bevins]] says that Chile under [[Augusto Pinochet]] "became the world's first test case for 'neoliberal' economics."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |author1-link=Vincent Bevins |title=[[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |page=207 |isbn=978-1541742406}}</ref>

The turn to neoliberal policies in Chile originated with the [[Chicago Boys]], a select group of Chilean students who, beginning in 1955, were invited to the [[University of Chicago]] to pursue postgraduate studies in economics. They studied directly under [[Milton Friedman]] and his disciple, [[Arnold Harberger]], and were exposed to [[Friedrich Hayek]]. Upon their return to Chile, their neoliberal policy proposals—which centered on widespread [[deregulation]], [[privatization]], reductions to government spending to counter high inflation, and other free-market policies<ref>{{cite news |last1=Opazo |first1=Tania |title=The Boys Who Got to Remake an Economy |url=https://slate.com/business/2016/01/in-chicago-boys-the-story-of-chilean-economists-who-studied-in-america-and-then-remade-their-country.html |access-date=July 6, 2019 |publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=January 12, 2016}}</ref>—would remain largely on the fringes of Chilean economic and political thought for a number of years, as the [[presidency of Salvador Allende]] (1970–1973) brought about a [[socialist]] reorientation of the economy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907929,00.html |title=CHILE: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925065855/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907929,00.html |archive-date=September 25, 2008 |quote=....Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America...}}</ref>

[[File:Economic growth of Chile.PNG|thumb|upright=1.15 |Chilean (orange) and average Latin American (blue) rates of growth of [[GDP]] (1971–2007)]]

During the Allende presidency, Chile experienced a severe economic crisis, in which inflation peaked near 150%.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/63821.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Pinochet's rule: Repression and economic success |date=January 7, 2001 |access-date=May 12, 2010}}</ref> Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension, as well as diplomatic, economic, and covert pressure from the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8i.htm |title=Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973 |first=Peter |last=Kornbluh}}</ref> the Chilean armed forces and national police overthrew the Allende government in a [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1211/p00s01-woam.html |title=Controversial legacy of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet |quote=...Gen. Augusto Pinochet, who overthrew Chile's democratically elected Communist government in a 1973 coup ... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516194106/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1211/p00s01-woam.html |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |magazine=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=December 11, 2006}}</ref> They established a repressive [[military junta|military ''junta'']], known for its violent [[Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet|suppression of opposition]], and appointed army chief Augusto Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Genaro Arriagada |last=Herrera |title=Pinochet: The Politics of Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36 |year=1988 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |isbn=978-0-04-497061-3 |page=36 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> His rule was later given legal legitimacy through a controversial [[1980 Chilean constitutional referendum|1980 plebiscite]], which approved a new [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|constitution]] drafted by a government-appointed commission that ensured Pinochet would remain as president for a further eight years—with increased powers—after which he would face a re-election referendum.<ref name=Brit-Pinochet-Regime>{{cite web |last1=Drake |first1=Paul W. |last2=Johnson |first2=John J. |last3=Caviedes |first3=César N. |last4=Carmagnani |first4=Marcello A. |title=The military dictatorship, from 1973 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chile/The-military-dictatorship-from-1973 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref>

The Chicago Boys were given significant political influence within the [[Military government of Chile (1973–1990)|military dictatorship]], and they implemented [[Economic history of Chile#Neoliberal reforms (1973–1990)|sweeping economic reform]]. In contrast to the extensive [[nationalization]] and centrally planned economic programs supported by Allende, the Chicago Boys implemented rapid and extensive privatization of state enterprises, deregulation, and significant reductions in trade barriers during the latter half of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Chile's 'Chicago Boys,' a model for Brazil now? |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-chicagoboys-explainer/explainer-chiles-chicago-boys-a-model-for-brazil-now-idUSKCN1OY1OU |access-date=July 6, 2019 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=January 4, 2019}}</ref> In 1978, policies that would further reduce the role of the state and infuse competition and individualism into areas such as labor relations, pensions, health and education were introduced.{{sfnp|Boas|Gans-Morse|2009}} Additionally, the central bank raised interest rates from 49.9% to 178% to counter high inflation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anil |last=Hira |title=Ideas and Economic Policy in Latin America |publisher=Praeger Publishers |date=1998 |isbn=0-275-96269-5 |page=81}}</ref>

[[File:Panfleto Tercera Jornada Protesta Nacional.jpg|thumb|left |Pamphlet calling for [[Jornadas de Protesta Nacional|a protest]] of economic policy in 1983 following [[Crisis of 1982|the economic crisis]]<ref name=salazar2>{{cite book |title=Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores |language=es |trans-title=Contemporary history of Chile III. The economy: business and worker markets |date=2002 |first1=Gabriel |last1=Salazar |author1-link=Gabriel Salazar |first2=Julio |last2=Pinto |author2-link=Julio Pinto |pages=49–62}}</ref><ref name="kas.de">{{cite web |publisher=[[Konrad Adenauer Foundation]] |first1=Helmut |last1=Wittelsbürger |first2=Albrecht von |last2=Hoff |url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_4084-544-1-30.pdf?040415182627 |title=Chile's Way to the Social Market Economy}}</ref>]]

These policies amounted to a [[Shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]], which rapidly transformed Chile from an economy with a protected market and strong government intervention into a liberalized, world-integrated economy, where market forces were left free to guide most of the economy's decisions.<ref name="K. Remmer 1998 5-55">{{cite journal |first=K. |last=Remmer |year=1979 |title=Public Policy and Regime Consolidation: The First Five Years of the Chilean Junta |journal=Journal of the Developing Areas |pages=441–461}}</ref> Inflation was tempered, falling from over 600% in 1974, to below 50% by 1979, to below 10% right before the [[Crisis of 1982|economic crisis of 1982]];<ref name="World Bank-2019">{{cite web |title=Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?locations=CL |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref> GDP growth spiked (see chart) to 10%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CL |title=GDP Growth (annual %) |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> however, inequality widened as wages and benefits to the working class were reduced.<ref name="Winn-2004">{{Cite book |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Winn |editor-link=Peter Winn |url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/Victims-of-the-Chilean-Miracle/ |title=Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |date=2004 |isbn=082233321X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Pamela |last1=Constable |author-link=Pamela Constable |first2=Arturo |last2=Valenzuela |author2-link=Arturo Valenzuela |title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |date=1993 |isbn=0393309851 |page=219}}</ref>

In 1982, Chile again experienced a [[Crisis of 1982|severe economic recession]]. The cause of this is contested but most scholars believe the [[Latin American debt crisis]]—which swept nearly all of Latin America into financial crisis—was a primary cause.<ref name="salazar23">''Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores''. 2002. [[Gabriel Salazar]] and [[Julio Pinto]]. pp. 49–-62.</ref> Some scholars argue the neoliberal policies of the Chicago boys heightened the crisis (for instance, percent GDP decrease was higher than in any other Latin American country) or even caused it;<ref name="salazar23"/> for instance, some scholars criticize the high interest rates of the period which—while stabilizing inflation—hampered investment and contributed to widespread bankruptcy in the banking industry. Other scholars fault governmental departures from the neoliberal [[Political agenda|agenda]]; for instance, the government pegged the Chilean peso to the US dollar, against the wishes of the Chicago Boys, which economists believe led to an overvalued peso.<ref name="The Political Economy of Unilateral Trade Liberalization">{{cite journal |year=1990 |title=The Political Economy of Unilateral Trade Liberalization |url=http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/sebastian.edwards/W6510.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040730125426/http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/sebastian.edwards/W6510.pdf |archive-date=July 30, 2004 |url-status=live |journal=[[UCLA]] |access-date=December 6, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Two Lucky People2">{{cite book |year=1998 |title=Two Lucky People |url=https://archive.org/details/twoluckypeopleme00frie |url-access=registration |quote=sergio de castro. |access-date=April 8, 2011 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226264158 |last1=Friedman |first1=Milton |author1-link=Milton Friedman |last2=Friedman |first2=Rose D.}}</ref>

[[File:Unemployment Chile.png|thumb|upright=1.15 |Unemployment in Chile and South America (1980–1990)]]

After the recession, Chilean economic growth rose quickly, eventually hovering between 5% and 10% and significantly outpacing the Latin American average (see chart). Additionally, unemployment decreased<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment Rate: Aged 15 and Over: All Persons for Chile |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LRUNTTTTCLA156N |website=FRED |date=January 1986 |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref> and the percent of the population below the poverty line declined from 50% in 1984 to 34% by 1989.<ref name=Hoover-ChicagoBoys>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/what-pinochet-did-chile |title=What Pinochet Did for Chile |last1=Packenham |first1=Robert A. |date=January 30, 2007 |work=[[Hoover Institution]] |access-date=July 7, 2019 |last2=Ratliff |first2=William}}</ref> This led [[Milton Friedman]] to call the period the "[[Miracle of Chile]]", and he attributed the successes to the neoliberal policies of the Chicago boys. Some scholars attribute the successes to the re-regulation of the banking industry and a number of targeted social programs designed to alleviate poverty.<ref name=Hoover-ChicagoBoys/> Others say that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Naomi Klein |last=Klein |first=Naomi |date=2008 |title=[[The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism]] |publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] |isbn=978-0312427993 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA105 105]}}</ref> According to Chilean economist [[Alejandro Foxley]], when Pinochet finished his 17-year term by 1990, around 44% of Chilean families were living below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hojman |first=David E. |date=1996 |title=Poverty and Inequality in Chile: Are Democratic Politics and Neoliberal Economics Good for You? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/166361 |journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs |volume=38 |issue=2/3 |pages=73–96 |doi=10.2307/166361 |jstor=166361 |issn=0022-1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_alejandrofoxley.html#2 |title=PBS Interview with Alejandro Foxley conducted March 26, 2001 |work=[[The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy]] |access-date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2022}}

Despite years of suppression by the Pinochet junta, a presidential election was held in 1988, as dictated by the 1980 constitution (though not without Pinochet first holding another plebiscite in an attempt to amend the constitution).<ref name=Brit-Pinochet-Regime/> In 1990, [[Patricio Aylwin]] was democratically elected, bringing an end to the military dictatorship. The reasons cited for Pinochet's acceptance of democratic transition are numerous. Hayek, echoing arguments he had made years earlier in ''[[The Road to Serfdom]],''<ref name="Chicago Press 1944 p.95">{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Hayek |author-link=Friedrich Hayek |title=[[The Road to Serfdom]] |year=1944 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |edition=50th Anniversary edition (1944) |isbn=0-226-32061-8 |page=95}}</ref> argued that the increased economic freedom he believed the neoliberal reforms had brought had put pressure on the dictatorship over time, resulting in a gradual increase in political freedom and, ultimately, the restoration of democracy.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The Chilean scholars Javier Martínez and Alvaro Díaz reject this argument, pointing to the long tradition of democracy in Chile. They assert that the defeat of the Pinochet regime and the return of democracy came primarily from large-scale mass rebellion that eventually forced party [[elite]]s to use existing institutional mechanisms to restore democracy.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Alvaro Díaz |last1=Eco |first2=Javier Martínez |last2=Bengoa |first3=Diaz |last3=Martinez |first4=Dharam |last4=Ghai |title=Chile: The Great Transformation |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |date=1996 |isbn=0-8157-5478-7 |pages=3–4}}</ref>

[[File:GDP per capita LA-Chile-2.png|thumb|upright=1.15 |GDP per capita in Chile and Latin America 1950–2010 (time under Pinochet highlighted)]]

In the 1990s, neoliberal economic policies broadened and deepened, including unilateral tariff reductions and the adoption of free trade agreements with a number of Latin American countries and Canada.<ref name=Chile-IMF>{{cite journal |last1=Aninat |first1=Eduardo |title=Chile in the 1990s: Embracing Development Opportunities |journal=[[Finance & Development]] |date=March 2000 |volume=37 |issue=1 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/03/aninat.htm |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref> At the same time, the decade brought increases in government expenditure on social programs to tackle poverty and poor quality housing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dominguez |first1=Jorge |title=Constructing democratic governance in Latin America |date=2003 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=1421409798}}</ref> Throughout the 1990s, Chile maintained high growth, averaging 7.3% from 1990 to 1998.<ref name=Chile-IMF/> Eduardo Aninat, writing for the IMF journal ''Finance & Development'', called the period from 1986 to 2000 "the longest, strongest, and most stable period of growth in [Chile's] history."<ref name=Chile-IMF/> In 1999, there was a brief recession brought about by the [[Asian financial crisis]], with growth resuming in 2000 and remaining near 5% until the [[Great Recession]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP growth (annual %) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CL |website=The World Bank |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref>

In sum, the neoliberal policies of the 1980s and 1990s—initiated by a repressive [[authoritarianism|authoritarian government]]—transformed the Chilean economy from a [[protectionism|protected market]] with high [[barriers to trade]] and hefty [[government intervention]] into one of the world's most [[open economy|open]] [[free-market]] economies.<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 |work=[[Index of Economic Freedom]] |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-date=October 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110910/http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref name="K. Remmer 1998 5-55"/> Chile experienced the worst economic bust of any Latin American country during the [[Latin American debt crisis]] (several years into neoliberal reform), but also had one of the most robust recoveries,<ref name=Heritage-Chile/> rising from the poorest Latin American country in terms of [[GDP per capita]] in 1980 (along with Peru) to the richest in 2019.<ref name="VOX-CEPR">{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Sebastian |title=Chile's insurgency and the end of neoliberalism |url=https://voxeu.org/article/chile-s-insurgency-and-end-neoliberalism |website=[[Vox (website)|VOX]] |publisher=Center for Economic and Policy Research |date=November 30, 2019}}</ref> Average annual economic growth from the mid-1980s to the Asian crisis in 1997 was 7.2%, 3.5% between 1998 and 2005, and growth in per capita real income from 1985 to 1996 averaged 5%—all outpacing Latin American averages.<ref name=Heritage-Chile>{{cite news |last1=Buc |first1=Hernán Büchi |title=How Chile Successfully Transformed Its Economy |url=https://www.heritage.org/international-economies/report/how-chile-successfully-transformed-its-economy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208170956/http://www.heritage.org/international-economies/report/how-chile-successfully-transformed-its-economy |url-status=unfit |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |date=September 18, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Becker |first=Gary S. |author-link=Gary Becker |year=1997 |editor1-last=Robinson |editor1-first=Peter |title=What Latin America Owes to the "Chicago Boys" |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/7743 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Hoover Institution#Publications|Hoover Digest]] |issue=4 |issn=1088-5161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724040917/http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/7743 |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref> Inflation was brought under control.<ref name="World Bank-2019" /> Between 1970 and 1985 the [[infant mortality]] rate in Chile fell from 76.1 per 1000 to 22.6 per 1000,<ref name="WDI2">{{cite web |website=[[World Bank]] |date=April 2010 |location=Washington, DC |access-date=October 1, 2010 |url=http://data.worldbank.org |title=World Development Indicators database}}</ref> the lowest in Latin America.<ref>{{cite book |title=Economic Reforms in Chile: From Dictatorship to Democracy |last=French-Davis |first=Ricardo |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |location=Ann Arbor, MI |page=188}}</ref> Unemployment from 1980 to 1990 decreased, but remained higher than the South American average (which was stagnant). And despite public perception among Chileans that economic inequality has increased, Chile's [[Gini coefficient]] has in fact dropped from 56.2 in 1987 to 46.6 in 2017.<ref name="VOX-CEPR"/><ref>{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Chile |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CL |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> While this is near the Latin American average, Chile still has one of the highest Gini coefficients in the [[OECD]], an organization of mostly [[developed countries]] that includes Chile but not most other Latin American countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Income inequality |url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |website=OECD Data |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918094533/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |archive-date=September 18, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Furthermore, the Gini coefficient measures only [[income inequality]]; Chile has more mixed inequality ratings in the OECD's [[OECD Better Life Index|Better Life Index]], which includes indexes for more factors than only income, like [[housing]] and [[education]].<ref>{{cite web |title=OECD Better Life Index |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/ |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]}}</ref><ref name="VOX-CEPR"/> Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985<ref>Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, ''Economic Reforms in Chile: From Dictatorship to Democracy'', [[University of Michigan Press]], 2002, {{ISBN|978-0472112326}}, p. 193</ref> at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average.<ref name="Petras and Vieux 1998 57-72">{{Cite journal |last1=Petras |first1=James |last2=Vieux |first2=Steve |date=July 1990 |title=The Chilean "economic miracle": an empirical critique |journal=[[Critical Sociology (journal)|Critical Sociology]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=57–72 |doi=10.1177/089692059001700203 |s2cid=143590493}}</ref> The era was also marked by economic instability.<ref name=Sen-Chile>{{Cite book |title=Hunger and Public Action |last=Sen |first=Amartya |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=9780198283652}}</ref>

Overall, scholars have mixed opinions on the effects of the neoliberal reforms. The [[CIA World Factbook]] states that Chile's "sound economic policies", maintained consistently since the 1980s, "have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have more than halved poverty rates,"<ref name="cia.gov">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/ Chile]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> and some scholars have even called the period the "[[Miracle of Chile]]". Other scholars have called it a failure that led to extreme inequalities in the distribution of income and resulted in severe socioeconomic damage.<ref name="kas.de"/> It is also contested how much these changes were the result of neoliberal economic policies and how much they were the result of other factors;<ref name=Sen-Chile/> in particular, some scholars argue that after the [[Crisis of 1982]] the "pure" neoliberalism of the late 1970s was replaced by a focus on fostering a [[social market economy]] that mixed neoliberal and social welfare policies.{{sfnp|Harvey|2005|p=74}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Silvia |last=Borzutzky |title=From Chicago to Santiago: Neoliberalism and social security privatization in Chile |journal=[[Governance (journal)|Governance]] |volume=18 |number=4 |date=2005 |pages=655–674 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00296.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229866806}}</ref>

As a response to the [[2019–20 Chilean protests]], a [[2020 Chilean national plebiscite|national plebiscite]] was held in October 2020 to decide whether the [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|Chilean constitution]] would be rewritten. The "approve" option for a new constitution to replace the Pinochet-era constitution, which entrenched certain neoliberal principles into the country's basic law, won with 78% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Jubilation as Chile votes to rewrite constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54687090 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="bonnefoy">{{Cite news |last=Bonnefoy |first=Pascale |date=October 25, 2020 |title='An End to the Chapter of Dictatorship': Chileans Vote to Draft a New Constitution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/25/world/americas/chile-constitution-plebiscite.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025171006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/25/world/americas/chile-constitution-plebiscite.html |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=November 22, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> However, in [[2022 Chilean constitutional referendum|September 2022]], the referendum to approve a rewritten the constitution was rejected with 61% of the vote.