Editing Neocolonialism (section)

==Former colonial powers and Africa==
=== Françafrique ===
{{See also|CFA franc}}
[[Image:CFA Franc map.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Usage of: {{legend|#008800|[[West African CFA franc]]}}{{legend|#ff0000|[[Central African CFA franc]]<ref>{{cite news |title=African protests over the CFA 'colonial currency' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41094094 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=August 30, 2017 }}</ref>}}]]
The representative example of European neocolonialism is ''[[Françafrique]]'', the "France-Africa" constituted by the continued close relationships between [[France]] and its former African colonies.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

In 1955, the initial usage of the term "French Africa", by President [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] of [[Ivory Coast]], denoted positive social, cultural and economic Franco–African relations.
It was later applied by neocolonialism critics to describe an imbalanced international relation.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

Neocolonialism was used to describe a type of foreign intervention in countries belonging to the [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]] movement, as well as the [[Bandung Conference|Asian–African Conference of Bandung]] (1955), which led to the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (1961).
Neocolonialism was formally defined by the [[All-African Peoples' Conference]] (AAPC) and published in the ''Resolution on Neo-colonialism''. At both the [[Tunis]] conference (1960) and the [[Cairo]] conference (1961), AAPC described the actions of the [[French Community]] of independent states, organised by France, as neocolonial.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fC5j0tI-Pv0C&pg=RA1-PA52 |title=Africa: The Politics of Independence and Unity |isbn=0-8032-9856-0 |last1=Wallerstein |first1=Immanuel Maurice |year=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |page=52 |quote=The Cairo meeting did leave an important intellectual legacy, however. It attempted the one serious, collectively agreed-upon definition of neo-colonialism, the key concept in the armory of the revolutionary core of the movement for African unity. Neo-colonialism is defined as 'the survival of the colonial system in spite of formal recognition of political independence in emerging countries'.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=484744 |last1=Graf |first1=William D. |title=Reviewed work: Neocolonialism and African Politics: A Survey of the Impact of Neocolonialism on African Political Behaviour, Yolamu R. Barongo |journal=[[Canadian Journal of African Studies]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=600–602 |year=1981 |doi=10.2307/484744 |quote=The term, itself, originated in Africa, probably with Nkrumah, and received collective recognition at the 1961 All-African People's Conference.}}</ref>

The politician [[Jacques Foccart]], the principal adviser for African matters to French presidents [[Charles de Gaulle]] (1958–1969) and [[Georges Pompidou]] (1969–1974), was the principal proponent of ''Françafrique''.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Kaye |last=Whiteman |title=The Man Who Ran Françafrique – French Politician Jacques Foccart's Role in France's Colonisation of Africa Under the Leadership of Charles de Gaulle |type=obituary |magazine=[[The National Interest]] |date=Fall 1997}}</ref>

The works of [[François-Xavier Verschave|Verschave]] and Beti reported a forty-year, post-independence relationship with France's former colonial peoples, which featured colonial garrisons ''in situ'' and monopolies by French [[multinational corporation]]s, usually for the exploitation of mineral resources. It was argued that the African leaders with close ties to France—especially during the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–1992)—acted more as agents of French business and [[geopolitical]] interests than as the national leaders of sovereign states. Cited examples are [[Omar Bongo]] ([[Gabon]]), Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Ivory Coast), [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ([[Togo]]), [[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]] ([[Republic of the Congo]]), [[Idriss Déby]] ([[Chad]]), and [[Hamani Diori]] ([[Niger]]).{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

=== Belgian Congo ===
Belgium's approach to Belgian Congo has been characterized as a quintessential example of neocolonialism, as the Belgians embraced rapid decolonization of the Congo with the expectation that the newly independent state would become dependent on Belgium. This dependence would allow the Belgians to exert control over Congo, even though Congo was formally independent.<ref name="Stanard2018" />

After the decolonisation of [[Belgian Congo]], [[Belgium]] continued to control, through the {{lang|fr|italic=no|[[Société Générale de Belgique]]}}, an estimated 70% of the Congolese economy following the decolonisation process. The most contested part was in the province of [[Katanga Province|Katanga]] where the {{lang|fr|italic=no|[[Union Minière du Haut Katanga]]}}, part of the {{lang|fr|italic=no|Société}}, controlled the mineral-resource-rich province. After a failed attempt to nationalise the mining industry in the 1960s, it was reopened to foreign investment.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}