Editing Nationality (section)

== Statelessness ==
[[Statelessness]] is the condition in which an individual has no formal or protective relationship with any state. There are various reasons why a person can become stateless. This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and the mother's country rejects all offspring of mothers married to foreign fathers, but the father's country rejects all offspring born to foreign mothers. People in this situation may not legally be the national of any state despite possession of an emotional national identity.

Another stateless situation arises when a person holds a travel document (passport) which recognizes the bearer as having the nationality of a "state" which is not internationally recognized, has no entry into the International Organization for Standardization's country list, is not a member of the United Nations, etc. In the current era, persons native to Taiwan who hold passports of Republic of China are one example.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.taiwanbasic.com/nstatus/linvs.htm |title=Roger C. S. Lin et al. v. USA |author=US District Court, Washington, D.C. |quote=Plaintiffs have essentially been persons without a state for almost 60 years. |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330235633/http://www.taiwanbasic.com/nstatus/linvs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.twclarify.com/taiwan/pages/travel/ |title=ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes |author=International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) |quote=The Republic of China passport carried by native Taiwanese people clearly indicates the bearer's nationality as 'Republic of China.' Under international standards however, such a nationality designation does not exist. This is explained as follows. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, territories, etc. These three-letter abbreviations have been formally adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as the official designation(s) of a 'recognized nationality' for use in manufacturing machine-readable passports, carried by travelers in order to deal with entry/exit procedures at customs authorities in all nations/territories of the world. According to these three-letter ISO country codes adopted by ICAO, the 'Republic of China' is not a recognized nationality in the international community, and thus there is no 'ROC' entry. |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221074310/http://www.twclarify.com/taiwan/pages/travel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some countries (like Kuwait, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia) can also remove one's citizenship; the reasons for removal can be fraud and/or security issues. There are also people who are abandoned at birth and the parents' whereabouts are not known.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/17/the-controversial-plan-to-give-kuwaits-stateless-people-citizenship-of-a-tiny-poor-african-island/ |title=The controversial plan to give Kuwait's stateless people citizenship of a tiny, poor African island |first=Adam |last=Taylor |date=17 May 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030123510/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/17/the-controversial-plan-to-give-kuwaits-stateless-people-citizenship-of-a-tiny-poor-african-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/11/the-bizarre-scheme-to-transform-a-remote-island-into-new-dubai-comoros |title=The bizarre scheme to transform a remote island into the new Dubai &#124; Atossa Araxia Abrahamian |first=Atossa Araxia |last=Abrahamian |newspaper=The Guardian |date=November 11, 2015 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=January 6, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230223923/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/11/the-bizarre-scheme-to-transform-a-remote-island-into-new-dubai-comoros |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''De jure'' vs ''de facto'' statelessness ===
{{Missing information|section|2=de jure and de facto statelessless|date=November 2023}}
Nationality law defines nationality and statelessness. Nationality is awarded based on two well-known principles: ''[[jus sanguinis]]'' and ''[[jus soli]]''. ''Jus sanguinis'' translated from Latin means "right of blood". According to this principle, nationality is awarded if the parent(s) of the person are nationals of that country. ''Jus soli'' is referred to as "birthright citizenship". It means, anyone born in the territory of the country is awarded nationality of that country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statelessness |url=http://www.statelessness.ca/statelessness.html |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=Canadian Centre on Statelessness |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412183330/http://www.statelessness.ca/statelessness.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Statelessness is defined thus in the 1954 Statelessness Convention: "For the purpose of this Convention, the term 'stateless person' means a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of
its law."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=UN Conventions on Statelessness |url=https://www.unhcr.org/un-conventions-on-statelessness.html |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=UNHCR |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193020/https://www.unhcr.org/un-conventions-on-statelessness.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A person can become stateless because of administrative reasons. For example, "A person may be at risk of statelessness if she is born in a State that applies ''jus sanguinis'' while her parents were born in a State that applies ''jus soli'', leaving the person ineligible for citizenship in both States due to conflicting laws."<ref name="Citizenship & Nationality">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Citizenship & Nationality |url=https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=International Justice Resource Center |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119020456/https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, there are countries in which if a person does not reside for a specified period of time, they can automatically lose their nationality.<ref name="Citizenship & Nationality"/> To protect those individuals from being deemed "stateless", the 1961 Statelessness Convention places limitations on nationality laws.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons |url=https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb25729/convention-relating-status-stateless-persons.html |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=UNHCR |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808155043/https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb25729/convention-relating-status-stateless-persons.html |url-status=live }} Articles 6-8.</ref>