Editing Nationalism (section)

==== Italy ====
{{main|Italian Fascism|Italian nationalism|Italian unification}}
[[File:Napoli Castel Nuovo museo civico - ingresso di Garibaldi a Napoli - Wenzel bis.jpg|thumb|People cheering as [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] enters [[Naples]] in 1860]]
Italian nationalism emerged in the 19th century and was the driving force for [[Italian unification]] or the ''Risorgimento'' (meaning the "Resurgence" or "Revival"). It was the political and intellectual movement that consolidated the different states of the [[Italian peninsula]] into the single state of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861. The memory of the ''Risorgimento'' is central to Italian nationalism but it was based in the liberal [[middle class]]es and ultimately proved a bit weak.<ref>Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall, eds., ''The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-century Italy'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).</ref> The new government treated the newly annexed South as a kind of underdeveloped province due to its "backward" and poverty-stricken society, its poor grasp of standard Italian (as [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Dalmatian]] dialects of [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] were prevalent in the common use) and its local traditions.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The liberals had always been strong opponents of the [[pope]] and the very well organized [[Catholic Church]]. The liberal government under the Sicilian [[Francesco Crispi]] sought to enlarge his political base by emulating [[Otto von Bismarck]] and firing up [[Italian nationalism]] with an aggressive foreign policy. It partially crashed and his cause was set back. Of his nationalistic foreign policy, historian [[R. J. B. Bosworth]] says:
<blockquote>[Crispi] pursued policies whose openly aggressive character would not be equaled until the days of the Fascist regime. Crispi increased military expenditure, talked cheerfully of a European conflagration, and alarmed his German or British friends with these suggestions of preventative attacks on his enemies.  His policies were ruinous, both for Italy's trade with France, and, more humiliatingly, for colonial ambitions in East Africa. Crispi's lust for territory there was thwarted when on 1 March 1896, the armies of Ethiopian Emperor Menelik routed Italian forces at [[Battle of Adwa|Adowa]] [...] in what has been defined as an unparalleled disaster for a modern army. Crispi, whose private life and personal finances [...] were objects of perennial scandal, went into dishonorable retirement.<ref>Bosworth, R. J. B. (2013). ''Italy and the Wider World: 1860–1960''. London: Routledge. p. 29. {{ISBN|978-1134780884}}.</ref></blockquote>

Italy joined the [[Allies of World War I|Allies in the First World War]] after getting promises of territory, but its war effort was not honored after the war and this fact discredited liberalism paving the way for [[Benito Mussolini]] and a political doctrine of his own creation, [[Fascism]]. Mussolini's 20-year dictatorship involved a highly aggressive nationalism that led to a series of wars with the creation of the [[Italian Empire]], an alliance with Hitler's Germany, and humiliation and hardship in the Second World War. After 1945, the Catholics returned to government and tensions eased somewhat, but the former two Sicilies remained poor and partially underdeveloped (by industrial country standards). In the 1950s and early 1960s, Italy had an [[Italian economic miracle|economic boom]] that pushed its economy to the fifth place in the world.

The working class in those decades voted mostly for the [[Communist party|Communist Party]], and it looked to Moscow rather than Rome for inspiration and was kept out of the national government even as it controlled some industrial cities across the North. In the 21st century, the Communists have become marginal but political tensions remained high as shown by [[Umberto Bossi]]'s [[Padanism]] in the 1980s<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Stephen Barbour |editor2=Cathie Carmichael|title=Language and Nationalism in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ixmu8Iga7gC&pg=PA181|year=2000|publisher=Oxford UP chapter 8|isbn=978-0191584077}}</ref> (whose party [[Lega Nord]] has come to partially embrace a moderate version of Italian nationalism over the years) and other separatist movements spread across the country.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}