Editing Mussel (section)

==Mussel-inspired materials==
Byssus threads secreted by the large and now critically endangered [[Mediterranean]] pen shell, ''[[Pinna nobilis]]'', which can be up to {{cvt|6|cm}} in length, have historically been made into cloth.<ref name="McKinley">{{cite journal |last1=McKinley |first1=Daniel |title=Pinna and Her Silken Beard: A Foray Into Historical Misappropriations |journal=Ars Textrina: A Journal of Textiles and Costumes |date=June 1998 |volume=29 |pages=9–223}}</ref> [[Byssus cloth]] is a rare fabric, also known as [[sea silk]], that is made using the byssus of pen shells as the fiber source.<ref name="Maeder">{{cite journal|last=Maeder|first=Felicitas|title=The project Sea-silk: Rediscovering an Ancient Textile Material|journal=Archaeological Textiles Newsletter|date=2002|volume=35|pages=8–11}}</ref><ref name="Hill">{{cite book|last=Hill|first=John|title=Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE|date=2009|publisher=Book Surge|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=978-1439221341|edition=2nd}}</ref> The byssus of ''[[Atrina pectinata]]'', a shell of the same family, has been used in [[Sardinia]] as a substitute for [[critically endangered]] ''[[Pinna nobilis]]'', to weave sea silk.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Cubello |first= Stefania |date= 2018 |title= From the Soul of the Sea |url= https://muschelseide.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PP-Sea-Silk_ENG.pdf |magazine= Patek Philippe International Magazine |location= Geneva |publisher= Patek Philippe |pages= 35–39 |access-date= 17 August 2024}}</ref>

Byssal threads, used to anchor mussels to substrates, are now recognized as superior bonding agents.  A number of studies have investigated [[mussel adhesive protein|mussel "glues"]] for industrial and surgical applications.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilic |first1=Grozdana |last2=Brubaker |first2=Carrie |last3=Messersmith |first3=Phillip B. |last4=Mallik |first4=Ajit S. |last5=Quinn |first5=Thomas M. |last6=Haller |first6=Claudia |last7=Done |first7=Elisa |last8=Gucciardo |first8=Leonardo |last9=Zeisberger |first9=Steffen M. |last10=Zimmermann |first10=Roland |last11=Deprest |first11=Jan |last12=Zisch |first12=Andreas H. |title=Injectable candidate sealants for fetal membrane repair: bonding and toxicity in vitro |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=202 |issue=1 |pages=85.e1–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20096254 |pmc=2837921 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.051}}
*{{cite press release |date=January 23, 2010 |title=Mussel-inspired 'glue' for fetal membrane repair |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100122102845.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Bruce P. |last2=Messersmith |first2=P.b. |last3=Israelachvili |first3=J.n. |last4=Waite |first4=J.h. |date=2011-08-04 |title=Mussel-Inspired Adhesives and Coatings |journal=Annual Review of Materials Research |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=99–132 |doi=10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100429 |issn=1531-7331 |pmc=3207216 |pmid=22058660|bibcode=2011AnRMS..41...99L }}</ref> Further, mussel adhesive proteins inspired the design of peptide mimics that were well studied for surface bioengineering of medical implants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Xu |last2=Gao |first2=Yiqiu |last3=Wang |first3=Yunlong |last4=Pan |first4=Guoqing |date=2021-01-01 |title=Mussel-inspired peptide mimicking: An emerging strategy for surface bioengineering of medical implants |journal=Smart Materials in Medicine |language=en |volume=2 |pages=26–37 |doi=10.1016/j.smaim.2020.10.005 |s2cid=228908442 |issn=2590-1834|doi-access=free }}</ref> Self-assembling mussel-inspired peptides were also shown to form functional nanostructures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fichman |first1=Galit |last2=Adler-Abramovich |first2=Lihi |last3=Manohar |first3=Suresh |last4=Mironi-Harpaz |first4=Iris |last5=Guterman |first5=Tom |last6=Seliktar |first6=Dror |last7=Messersmith |first7=Phillip B. |last8=Gazit |first8=Ehud |date=2014-07-22 |title=Seamless Metallic Coating and Surface Adhesion of Self-Assembled Bioinspired Nanostructures Based on Di-(3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine) Peptide Motif |url=https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502240r |journal=ACS Nano |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=7220–7228 |doi=10.1021/nn502240r |issn=1936-0851 |pmc=4108209 |pmid=24936704}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fichman |first1=Galit |last2=Guterman |first2=Tom |last3=Adler-Abramovich |first3=Lihi |last4=Gazit |first4=Ehud |date=September 2014 |title=The Use of the Calcitonin Minimal Recognition Module for the Design of DOPA-Containing Fibrillar Assemblies |journal=Nanomaterials |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=726–740 |doi=10.3390/nano4030726 |issn=2079-4991 |pmc=5304689 |pmid=28344244|doi-access=free }}</ref> Also, a peptide derived from mussel foot protein-5, a key protein in mussel adhesion, displayed antibacterial properties and served as inspiration for the design of a new class of peptide-based antibacterial adhesive hydrogels, which are active against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fichman |first1=Galit |last2=Andrews |first2=Caroline |last3=Patel |first3=Nimit L. |last4=Schneider |first4=Joel P. |date=2021-08-22 |title=Antibacterial Gel Coatings Inspired by the Cryptic Function of a Mussel Byssal Peptide |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103677 |journal=Advanced Materials |volume=33 |issue=40 |pages=2103677 |doi=10.1002/adma.202103677 |issn=0935-9648 |pmc=8492546 |pmid=34423482|bibcode=2021AdM....3303677F }}</ref>

Additionally byssal threads have provided insight into the construction of artificial tendons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Zhao |last2=Buehler |first2=Markus J. |title=Impact tolerance in mussel thread networks by heterogeneous material distribution |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |pages=2187 |year=2013 |pmid=23880603 |doi=10.1038/ncomms3187 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2187Q |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite web |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Mussels Could Help Create Artificial Tendons |website=redOrbit |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112905723/mussels-help-create-artificial-tendons-072413/}}</ref>