Editing Munich (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Munich by Sentinel-2, 2020-06-12.jpg|thumb|Satellite photo by ESA Sentinel-2]]

===Topography===
Munich lies on the elevated plains of [[Upper Bavaria]], about {{cvt|50|km|0}} north of the northern edge of the [[Alps]], at an altitude of about {{cvt|520|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|ASL]]. The local rivers are the [[Isar]] and the [[Würm]]. Munich is situated in the Northern [[Foothills|Alpine Foreland]]. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile [[flint]] area which is no longer affected by the [[fold (geology)|folding]] processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with [[moraine|morainic]] hills. Between these are fields of [[fluvio-glacial]] out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the [[Groundwater|ground water]] can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to [[marsh]]es as in the north of Munich.

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], the climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] (''Cfb''), independent of the isotherm but with some [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dfb'') features like warm to hot summers and cold winters, but without permanent snow cover.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&units=metric |title=Munich, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020130/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&units=metric |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUfAAAAQBAJ&q=-3+%C2%B0c+snow+cover+continental+climate&pg=PA50 |title=The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography |last1=Jordan-Bychkov |first1=Terry G. |last2=Jordan |first2=Bella Bychkova |last3=Murphy |first3=Alexander B. |date=28 August 2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0-7425-7906-4 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107040757/https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUfAAAAQBAJ&q=-3+%C2%B0c+snow+cover+continental+climate&pg=PA50 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city centre lies between both climates, while the [[Munich Airport|airport of Munich]] has a [[humid continental climate]]. The warmest month, on average, is July. The coolest is January.

The proximity to the [[Alps]] brings higher volumes of rainfall and consequently greater susceptibility to [[Urban flooding|flood problems]]. Studies of [[climate change adaptation|adaptation to climate change]] and extreme events are carried out; one of them is the Isar Plan of the [[European Union|EU]] Adaptation Climate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319071718/https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2018 |title=Munich — Climate-ADAPT |date=19 March 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation in late spring and throughout the summer. The most precipitation occurs in July, on average. Winter tends to have less precipitation, the least in February.

The higher elevation and proximity to the Alps cause the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too; for example, the warm downhill wind from the Alps ([[föhn wind]]), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter.

Being at the centre of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European cities, especially those further west and south of the Alps.

Munich is near the [[Alps]]. Annual variation in temperature can be significant, because there are no large bodies of water nearby. The winter in Munich is generally cold and overcast, and some Munich winters have significant snow. January is the coldest month. While winter averages remain only moderately cold, and relatively mild for an elevated inland location of Munich's latitude, [[inversion (meteorology)|inversion]] from the nearby Alps causes cold air to sink and result in temperatures below {{convert|-15|C|F}}. In Munich the summer is usually pleasantly warm, with daytime temperatures averaging {{convert|25|C|F}}.

Munich is subject to active [[convective]] seasons and sometimes damaging events. The Alpine [[Thunderstorm|thunderstorm system]] moves along the mountain range, or detaches, heading east-north-east over the foothills of the Alps.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atmospheric Physics: Background, Methods, Trends |author1= Ulrich Schumann |publisher= Springer Berlin Heidelberg | year=2012| isbn=9783642301834| page=102}}</ref>

At Munich's official [[weather station]]s, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are {{cvt|37.5|C|F|0}}, on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and {{cvt|-31.6|C|F|1}}, on 12 February 1929 in the Botanic Garden of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/Extremwertetafel2 |title=Extremwertetafel (München-Riem) |website=SKlima.de |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sklima.de/datenbank/monat_extrem.php|title=Extremwertetafel (München-Botanischer Garten)|website=SKlima.de|access-date=12 February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|width=
|location=Munich (Dreimühlenviertel) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 18.9
|Feb record high C = 21.4
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Apr record high C = 32.2
|May record high C = 31.8
|Jun record high C = 35.2
|Jul record high C = 37.5
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 31.8
|Oct record high C = 28.2
|Nov record high C = 24.2
|Dec record high C = 21.7
|year record high C = 37.5
|Jan avg record high C = 11.8
|Feb avg record high C = 13.7
|Mar avg record high C = 18.9
|Apr avg record high C = 23.6
|May avg record high C = 27.5
|Jun avg record high C = 30.5
|Jul avg record high C = 31.9
|Aug avg record high C = 31.5
|Sep avg record high C = 26.8
|Oct avg record high C = 22.6
|Nov avg record high C = 17.0
|Dec avg record high C = 12.6
|year avg record high C = 33.1
|Jan high C = 4.0
|Feb high C = 5.6
|Mar high C = 10.1
|Apr high C = 15.2
|May high C = 19.4
|Jun high C = 22.9
|Jul high C = 24.9
|Aug high C = 24.7
|Sep high C = 19.6
|Oct high C = 14.5
|Nov high C = 8.2
|Dec high C = 4.8
|year high C = 14.5
|Jan mean C = 0.9
|Feb mean C = 1.9
|Mar mean C = 5.7
|Apr mean C = 10.2
|May mean C = 14.3
|Jun mean C = 17.8
|Jul mean C = 19.6
|Aug mean C = 19.4
|Sep mean C = 14.7
|Oct mean C = 10.1
|Nov mean C = 4.9
|Dec mean C = 1.8
|year mean C = 10.1
|Jan low C = -1.8
|Feb low C = -1.4
|Mar low C = 1.7
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 9.3
|Jun low C = 12.9
|Jul low C = 14.7
|Aug low C = 14.5
|Sep low C = 10.4
|Oct low C = 6.5
|Nov low C = 2.1
|Dec low C = -0.8
|year low C = 6.1
|Jan avg record low C = -13.8
|Feb avg record low C = -12.4
|Mar avg record low C = -7.3
|Apr avg record low C = -3.3
|May avg record low C = 1.5
|Jun avg record low C = 5.3
|Jul avg record low C = 7.8
|Aug avg record low C = 6.6
|Sep avg record low C = 1.9
|Oct avg record low C = -2.1
|Nov avg record low C = -6.8
|Dec avg record low C = -12.3
|year avg record low C = -16.8
|Jan record low C = -22.2
|Feb record low C = -25.4
|Mar record low C = -16.0
|Apr record low C = -6.0
|May record low C = -2.3
|Jun record low C = 1.0
|Jul record low C = 6.5
|Aug record low C = 4.8
|Sep record low C  =0.6
|Oct record low C = -4.5
|Nov record low C = -11.0
|Dec record low C = -20.7
|year record low C = -25.4
|precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 51.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 45.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 61.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 56.0
|May precipitation mm = 107.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 120.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 118.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 116.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 78.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 58.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 58.5
|year precipitation mm = 939.7
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 15.3
|Feb precipitation days = 14.0
|Mar precipitation days = 15.6
|Apr precipitation days = 13.5
|May precipitation days = 16.1
|Jun precipitation days = 16.7
|Jul precipitation days = 16.1
|Aug precipitation days = 15.0
|Sep precipitation days = 14.2
|Oct precipitation days = 14.2
|Nov precipitation days = 14.6
|Dec precipitation days = 16.8
|year precipitation days = 182.0
|Jan sun = 74.6
|Feb sun = 95.2
|Mar sun = 145.3
|Apr sun = 186.0
|May sun = 213.0
|Jun sun = 223.7
|Jul sun = 241.4
|Aug sun = 232.1
|Sep sun = 169.7
|Oct sun = 123.3
|Nov sun = 74.0
|Dec sun = 66.4
|year sun = 1841.4
|Jan humidity = 80.3
|Feb humidity = 75.9
|Mar humidity = 70.7
|Apr humidity = 64.6
|May humidity = 67.2
|Jun humidity = 67.2
|Jul humidity = 66.1
|Aug humidity = 68.1
|Sep humidity = 75.5
|Oct humidity = 79.9
|Nov humidity = 83.3
|Dec humidity = 82.3
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 11.7
|Feb snow days = 11.2
|Mar snow days = 4.5
|Apr snow days = 0.6
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 3.3
|Dec snow days = 8.0
|year snow days = 	
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163319/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Muenchen-Stadt_10865.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Muenchen-Stadt_10865.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |title=CDC (Climate Data Center) |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]] |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114025310/http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> SKlima.de<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |title=Monatsauswertung |website=sklima.de |publisher=SKlima |language=de |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607181253/http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}
|date=May 2016</ref> Infoclimat<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/nuernberg/valeurs/10763.html
|title = Climatologie de l'année à Nuernberg
|publisher = Infoclimat
|language = fr
|access-date = 14 October 2023
|archive-date = 29 October 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231029202426/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/nuernberg/valeurs/10763.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

====Climate change====
In Munich, the general trend of [[global warming]] with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about {{convert|1|C-change}} in Germany between 1900 and 2020 can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20&nbsp;°C ([[tropical night]]s), a change in [[Precipitation|precipitation patterns]], as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy rain, is to be expected as part of the ongoing climate change. The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|German Meteorological Service]] that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding [[spatial planning]] and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] in a cityscape can be monitored and managed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anpassung an den Klimawandel |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/Anpassung_an_Klimawandel.html |publisher=Landeshauptstadt München Redaktion |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511072529/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/Anpassung_an_Klimawandel.html |url-status=live }}</ref>