Editing Mu'tazilism (section)

====1. Monotheism====
All Muslim schools of theology faced the dilemma of affirming [[Transcendence (religion)|divine transcendence]] and [[Conceptions of God|divine attributes]], without falling into [[anthropomorphism]] on the one hand or emptying scriptural references to those attributes of all concrete meaning.{{sfn|Jackson|2005}}

The doctrine of Tawhīd, in the words of the prominent Mu'tazili scholar Chief Justice [[Qadi Abd al-Jabbar]] (died 415 AH/1025 AD)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=philosophy-faculty |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-03-25 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817155204/https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=philosophy-faculty |url-status=live }}</ref> is: <blockquote> the knowledge that God, being unique, has attributes that no creature shares with him. This is explained by the fact that you know that the world has a creator who created it and that: he existed eternally in the past and he cannot perish while we exist after being non-existent and we can perish. And you know that he was and is eternally all-powerful and that impotence is not possible for him. And you know that he is [[omniscient]] of the past and present and that ignorance is not possible for him. And you know that he knows everything that was, everything that is, and how things that are not would be if they were. And you know that he is eternally in the past and future living, and that calamities and pain are not possible for him. And you know that he sees visible things, and perceives perceptibles, and that he does not have need of sense organs. And you know that he is eternally past and in future sufficient and it is not possible for him to be in need. And you know that he is not like physical bodies, and that it is not possible for him to get up or down, move about, change, be composite, have a form, limbs and body members. And you know that he is not like the accidents of motion, rest, color, food or smells. And you know that he is One throughout eternity and there is no second beside him, and that everything other than he is contingent, made, dependent, structured, and governed by someone/thing else. Thus, if you know all of that you know the oneness of God.{{sfn|Martin|1997|p=92}}</blockquote>