Editing Movable type (section)

====China====
[[File:五贯宝卷.jpg|thumb|Copperplate printed 5000-[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|cash]] [[paper money]] in year 1215 ([[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]) with bronze movable type counterfeit markers]]

At least 13 material finds in China indicate the invention of bronze movable type printing in China no later than the 12th century,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguogudaishi/special/huoziyinshua/ |title = 韩国剽窃活字印刷发明权只是第一步 |website = news.ifeng.com |access-date = 2014-05-23 |archive-date = 2020-02-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205160037/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguogudaishi/special/huoziyinshua/ |url-status = live }}</ref> with the country producing large-scale bronze-plate-printed paper money and formal official documents issued by the [[Jin dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin]] (1115–1234) and [[Southern Song]] (1127–1279) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti-counterfeit markers. Such paper-money printing might date back to the 11th-century [[jiaozi (currency)|''jiaozi'']] of [[Northern Song]] (960–1127).<ref name="Jixing" />{{rp|41–54}}

The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper-block printing is a printed "check" of the Jin dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable-type characters, each selected from 1,000 different characters, such that each printed paper note has a different combination of markers. A copper-block printed note dated between 1215 and 1216 in the collection of [[Luo Zhenyu]]'s ''Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties'', 1914, shows two special characters—one called ''Ziliao'', the other called ''Zihao''—for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting; over the ''Ziliao'' there is a small character (輶) printed with movable copper type, while over the ''Zihao'' there is an empty square hole—apparently the associated copper metal type was lost. Another sample of [[Song dynasty]] money of the same period in the collection of the [[Shanghai Museum]] has two empty square holes above ''Ziliao'' as well as ''Zihou'', due to the loss of the two copper movable types. Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time.<ref>''A History of Moveable Type Printing in China'', by Pan Jixing, Professor of the Institute for History of Science, Academy of Science, Beijing, China, English Abstract, p.&nbsp;273.</ref>

The 1298 book ''Zao Huozi Yinshufa'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|《造活字印書法》}}) by the [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368) official [[Wang Zhen (official)|Wang Zhen]] mentions [[tin]] movable type, used probably since the [[Southern Song]] dynasty (1127–1279), but this was largely experimental.<ref>{{cite book |author = Wang Zhen |author-link = Wang Zhen (official) |year = 1298 |title = Zao Huozi Yinshufa (《造活字印書法》) |quote = 近世又铸锡作字, 以铁条贯之 (rendering: In the modern times, there's melten Tin Movable type, and linked them with iron bar)}}</ref> It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the [[ink]]ing process.<ref name="tsien" />{{rp|217}} But by the late 15th century these concerns were resolved and bronze type was widely used in Chinese printing.<ref>{{harvnb|Tsien|1985|p=211}}</ref>

During the [[Mongol Empire]] (1206–1405), printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia.{{clarify |reason = which others? names of cultures please. It beats saying "among others..." |date = February 2012 }} The [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] of Central Asia used movable type, their script type adopted from the Mongol language, some with Chinese words printed between the pages—strong evidence that the books were printed in China.<ref name="TsienACH">''Chinese Paper and Printing, A Cultural History'', by Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</ref>

During the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), [[Hua Sui]] in 1490 used bronze type in printing books.<ref name="tsien" />{{rp|212}} In 1574 the massive 1000-volume encyclopedia ''[[Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|《太平御覧》}}) was printed with bronze movable type.

In 1725 the [[Qing dynasty]] government made 250,000 bronze movable-type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic ''[[Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|《古今圖書集成》}}). Each set consisted of 5,040 volumes, making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type.<ref name="TsienACH" />