Editing Mount Royal (section)

== Mount Royal Park ==
<!-- This section is linked from [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] -->
{{Infobox park
| name = Mount Royal Park
| photo = Chalet du Mont-Royal @ Mount Royal @ Ville-Marie @ Montreal (30414889885).jpg
| photo_width = 
| photo_caption = [[Mount Royal Chalet]], [[Kondiaronk Belvedere]], part of the Mount Royal Park.
| type = Municipal
| location = Montreal
| coords = {{coord|45|30|23|N|73|35|20|W|type:mountain_region:CA-QC|display=inline}}
| area = {{convert|280|ha|0|abbr=on}}
| created = 1876
| operator = City of [[Montreal]]
| publictransit = {{rint|montreal|bus}} [[List of Société de transport de Montréal bus routes|STM Bus]]: 11, 80, 129, 165, 365, 480 and 711
| visitation_num = 
| status = Open all year
}}
The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park ({{langx|fr|link=no|[[:fr:Parc du Mont-Royal|Parc du Mont-Royal]]}}), one of Montreal's largest [[Open space reserve|greenspace]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://montreal.about.com/od/montrealparks/a/mount_royal_park_parc_du_mont_royal.htm |title=Mount Royal Park: A Profile |access-date=25 March 2015 |last=Reid |first=Evelyn |archive-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430052115/http://montreal.about.com/od/montrealparks/a/mount_royal_park_parc_du_mont_royal.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The park was originally designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] (who also co-designed New York City's [[Central Park]]) and was [[inaugurate]]d in 1876,<ref name="weinberg">{{cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Paul|title=Beautiful Cities|journal=Canada's History|date=December 2017|volume=97|issue=6|pages=30–37|issn=1920-9894}}</ref> although not completed to his design.

Olmsted had planned to emphasize the mountainous topography through the use of vegetation. Shade trees at the bottom of the carriage path would resemble a valley. As the visitor went higher, the vegetation would get more sparse to give the illusion of exaggerated height. However, Montreal suffered a [[Panic of 1873|depression in the mid-1870s]] and many of Olmsted's plans were abandoned. The carriage way was built, but it was done hastily and without regards to the original plan. None of the vegetation choices were followed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fredericklawolmsted.com/mount.html |title=fredericklawolmsted.com |access-date=19 February 2008 |last=Parker |first=Christopher Glynn }}</ref>

The park contains two [[Belvedere (structure)|belvederes]], the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with a [[Mount Royal Chalet]] overlooking [[Downtown Montreal]]. Built in 1906, it is named for the [[Petun]] chief [[Kondiaronk]], whose influence led to the [[Great Peace of Montreal]] in 1701.<ref>{{cite manual|     title =Urban Revitalization in Montreal: Field Trip Manual|     section =ASSIGNMENT #11: Mount Royal|     publisher =Institute of Urban Studies, [[University of Winnipeg]]|     date =9 May 2005|     url =http://ius.uwinnipeg.ca/WIRA/PDF/fieldtrip-manual.pdf|     access-date =6 March 2008|     url-status =dead|     archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080410182619/http://ius.uwinnipeg.ca/WIRA/PDF/fieldtrip-manual.pdf|     archive-date =10 April 2008}}</ref>

Other features of the park are [[Beaver Lake (Montreal)|Beaver Lake]] (a small artificial lake), a [[Tubing (recreation)#Snow|snow tube]] and [[toboggan]] run, [[cross-country skiing]] trails, a [[sculpture garden]] and Smith House, an [[interpretive centre]]. At the foot of the hill, overlooking [[Park Avenue (Montreal)|Park Avenue]], the park features the [[George-Étienne Cartier Monument]] (home to the [[Tam-Tams]]) and a [[gazebo]] (more properly, a [[bandstand]]) which has been named in honour of [[Mordecai Richler]].<ref name=Peritz>{{cite news|last=Peritz|first=Ingrid|title=Mordecai Richler to be honoured with gazebo on Mount Royal|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/quebec/mordecai-richler-to-be-honoured-with-gazebo-on-mount-royal/article2073645/|access-date=25 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=24 June 2011}}</ref>

The lush forest has been badly damaged, both by Mayor Drapeau's so-called morality cuts of the 1950s and by the [[Ice Storm of 1998]], but has since largely recovered. The forest is a green jewel rising above [[downtown Montreal]] and is known for its beautiful autumn [[foliage]] as well as its extensive hiking and cross-country ski trails. Biking is restricted to the main gravel roads.
[[File:Montreal Funicular Railway postcard.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mount Royal Funicular Railway]], around 1900.]]

From 1885 to 1920, the [[Mount Royal Funicular Railway]] brought sightseers to its peak.<ref>{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=DeWolf |title=Riding the Rails Up Mount Royal |url=http://www.urbanphoto.net/blog/2008/01/15/riding-the-rails-up-mount-royal/ |work=URBANPHOTO |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216143353/http://www.urbanphoto.net/blog/2008/01/15/riding-the-rails-up-mount-royal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-3024&section=196?Lang=1&accessnumber=VIEW-3024&section=196 |title=Mount Royal Funicular Railway, Montreal, QC, about 1900 |access-date=20 February 2008 |work=Wm. Notman & Son, McCord Museum Web site }}</ref> After it ceased service, [[Streetcars in Montreal|Montreal's No. 11 streetcar]] brought visitors to the peak until 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stm.info//English/en-bref/tramways/description/S61112_D25.htm |title=Ligne de la Montagne |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=Archives photographiques de la STM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142530/http://www.stm.info/English/en-bref/tramways/description/S61112_D25.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> A roadway named for longtime but controversial former mayor [[Camillien Houde]] now bisects the mountain, although Houde had been opposed to the idea of putting a road through the park.

The park, cemeteries, and several adjacent parks and institutions have been combined into the Mount Royal Natural and Historical District (''Arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal'') by the provincial government in order to legally protect the rich cultural and natural heritage of the region.

===Parc Tiohtià:ke Otsira'kéhne===

In June 2017, during the 375th anniversary of Montreal, the city formally named the greenspace surrounding the Outremont peak '''Parc Tiohtià:ke Otsira'kéhne''', Mohawk for "the place of the big fire," reflecting how the hill had been used for a fire beacon by First Nations people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Magder|first1=James|title=Montreal names Outremont peak for Mohawk nation|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/montreal-names-outremont-peak-for-mohawk-nation|access-date=11 June 2017|work=The Gazette|location=Montreal|date=11 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Le mont Royal: carte touristique |url=http://montreal2.qc.ca/rep_parcs/media/documents/application/pdf_doc_carte_mont_royal_rv_lr_id43.pdf |publisher=Ville de Montréal |access-date=12 August 2020 |date=2017}}</ref> It has an area of {{convert|35|ha}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parc Tiohtià:ke Otsira'kéhne|url=https://montreal.ca/en/places/parc-tiohtiake-otsirakehne|website=City of Montreal|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

===Wintertime===
[[File:Snow shoe tramping Mount Royal 1873.jpg|thumb|left|Night procession by the [[Montreal Snow Shoe Club]] on Mount Royal, 1873.]]  
[[File:Skiers on Mount Royal - MONTREAL - Skieurs sur le Mont Royal.jpg|thumb|[[Cross-country skiing]] on Mount Royal in the 1920s.]]
[[File:Sledding on Mount Royal.JPG|thumb|People come to Mount Royal for [[toboggan]]ning on the former ski slopes.]]
Mount Royal Park currently hosts a [[Tubing (recreation)#Snow|snow tube]] and [[toboggan]] run on one of the former alpine ski slopes,<ref name=CW-PMR>Community Walk, [http://www.communitywalk.com/location/parc_du_mont_royal/abandoned_ski_areas/996472 "Parc du Mont Royal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075512/http://www.communitywalk.com/location/parc_du_mont_royal/abandoned_ski_areas/996472 |date=4 August 2020 }} (accessed 31 March 2010)</ref> as well as 7 groomed cross-country ski and snowshoe trails which total {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}}, with equipment rental available onsite.

One of the most popular activities to do on Beaver Lake is to skate; this activity is free if you have your own equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemontroyal.qc.ca/en/activity/lace-up-your-skates|title=Lace up Your Skates|website=www.lemontroyal.qc.ca|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-08|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804112137/https://www.lemontroyal.qc.ca/en/activity/lace-up-your-skates|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Canada Trails, [http://www.canadatrails.ca/xc_ski/qc/qc47.html "Cross Country Skiing in Quebec"](accessed 31 March 2010)</ref><ref>Bonjour Quebec,[http://www.bonjourquebec.com/qc-en/attractions-directory/cross-country-ski-centre/mount-royal-park_5963883.html "Mount Royal Park"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906042640/http://www.bonjourquebec.com/qc-en/attractions-directory/cross-country-ski-centre/mount-royal-park_5963883.html |date=6 September 2014 }} (accessed 31 March 2010)</ref>

The former alpine ski slope featured a [[T-bar lift|T-bar]] and a {{convert|100|ft|m|1|adj=on}} drop.<ref name=CW-PMR/> Mechanical lift devices were first installed in Mount Royal Park in 1945.<ref>The Gazette (Montreal),[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d34tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A5kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3557,4703652&dq=ski+mont+royal&hl=en "Mount Royal May Have Ski Tows; Heavy Snows Herald Early Season"], Bill Weintraub, 29 December 1944 (accessed 31 March 2010)</ref> In the 1940s, there were two and a half miles of ski slopes available.<ref>New York Times, "Ski Slopes and Trails", Frank Elkins, 7 December 194'</ref> A ski shop was first installed in the park in 1938.<ref>The Gazette (Montreal),[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Mn8uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=75gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6268,3210691&dq=ski+mont+royal&hl=en "Mount Royal Ski"], Stan Helleur, 19 January 1940 (accessed 31 March 2010)</ref> Prior to that, in the 1920s, one of the best [[ski jump]]s in Canada was the one on Mount Royal, near [[Côte-des-Neiges]].<ref>The Daily Times, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nDUyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h60FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1729,2869380&dq=ski+mont+royal&hl=en "Ski Jumper Leaving Take Off For Long Flight Down Mount Royal"], 15 January 1920 (accessed 31 March 2010)</ref>

Founded in 1840, the now-defunct [[Montreal Snow Shoe Club]], with members drawn from some of Montreal's prominent businessmen, would meet each week during the winter at nightfall on [[Sherbrooke Street]] near [[McGill College Avenue]] to [[snowshoe]] through Mount Royal Park, lit by torchlight. Club members began wearing blue [[tuque]]s on their outings around 1870. Recently, the tradition has been revived as the ''Tuques Bleues'' celebration by the ''Les amis de la montagne'', a charitable organization that works to protect and preserve the park.<ref name=tuques>{{cite web|title=A Short History of the Tuques Bleues|url=http://www.lemontroyal.qc.ca/en/news-and-events/tuques-bleues-celebration.sn|work=Les amis de la montagne|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102041442/http://www.lemontroyal.qc.ca/en/news-and-events/tuques-bleues-celebration.sn|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Tam-Tams ===
[[File:TamTams3c.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mount Royal's [[Tam-Tams]] gathering.]]
{{main|Tam-Tams}}
In the summer, Mount Royal hosts a popular activity known as Tam-Tams, or the "Tam-Tam Jam", whereby a number of Montrealers and visitors play [[hand drum]]s (such as [[djembe]]s) on the east slope of the mountain, near the [[George-Étienne Cartier Monument]]. The Sunday afternoon gatherings attract people of various backgrounds. Often, dozens of tam-tam players perform their art at the same time, encouraging others to dance. In addition, many children and adults participate nearby in a battle with foam-padded weapons.<ref>{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=DeWolf |title=Joining the medieval battle on Mount Royal |url=http://spacingmontreal.ca/?p=77 |work=Spacing Montreal |date=10 September 2007 |access-date=20 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216143253/http://spacingmontreal.ca/?p=77 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The Tam-tams began in the late 1970s with a workshop on African drumming at a jazz bar on Ontario Street.<ref>{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Krashinsky |title=Turning the beat around |url=http://montrealmagazine.ca/MM/content/view/132/18/ |work=Montréal Magazine |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141833/http://montrealmagazine.ca/MM/content/view/132/18/ |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> It is not organized by the municipal authorities. Despite initial resistance by participants, the city now intervenes in the event, restricting commercial activity to registered members in designated areas and assigning police and [[first aid]] technicians to ensure the safety of those present. Although initially controversial in light of the event's communal and countercultural vibe (as well as a permissive attitude towards then-illegal cannabis use), the police presence has not led to conflict.

===Jeanne-Mance Park===
{{main|Jeanne-Mance Park}}
Facing the mountain across [[Parc Avenue|Park Avenue]] is [[Jeanne-Mance Park]]. A popular recreational area, Jeanne-Mance Park features a playground, a wading pool, tennis courts, various sports fields, and in winter, a skating rink.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=7297,74541590&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|title = Parc Jeanne-Mance|access-date = 12 October 2015|website = Ville de Montréal}}</ref>