Editing Monism (section)

=== Pantheism ===
{{Main|Pantheism}}
Pantheism is the belief that everything composes an all-encompassing, [[immanent]] God,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Edwards |publisher=Macmillan |year=1967 |location=New York |page=34}}</ref> or that the [[universe]] (or [[nature]]) is identical with [[divinity]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The New Oxford Dictionary Of English |publisher=Clarendon |year=1998 |location=Oxford |page=1341 |isbn=0-19-861263-X}}</ref> Pantheists thus do or do not believe in a [[personal god|personal]] or [[anthropomorphic]] god, but believe that interpretations of the term differ.

Pantheism was popularized in the modern era as both a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Picton |first=James Allanson |title=Pantheism: its story and significance |year=1905 |publisher=Archibald Constable & Co. |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1-4191-4008-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/pantheismitsstor00pictrich}}</ref> whose ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]'' was an answer to [[Descartes]]' famous dualist theory that the body and spirit are separate.<ref name="Plumptre-1879" /> Spinoza held that the two are the same, and this monism is a fundamental quality of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man," and used the word God to describe the unity of all substance.<ref name="Plumptre-1879">{{cite book |last=Plumptre |first=Constance |title=General sketch of the history of pantheism, Volume 2 |year=1879 |publisher=Samuel Deacon & Co |location=London |isbn=978-0-7661-5502-2 |pages=3–5, 8, 29}}</ref> Although the term pantheism was not coined until after his death, Spinoza is regarded as its most celebrated advocate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shoham |first=Schlomo Giora |title=To Test the Limits of Our Endurance |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-2068-4 |page=111}}</ref>

[[H. P. Owen]] claimed that
{{blockquote|Pantheists are "monists" ... they believe that there is only one Being, and that all other forms of reality are either modes (or appearances) of it or identical with it.<ref>Owen 1971, p. 65</ref>}}

Pantheism is closely related to monism, as pantheists too believe all of reality is one substance, called Universe, God or Nature. [[Panentheism]], a slightly different concept, is explained below in the next section.<ref>Crosby, Donald A. (2008). Living with Ambiguity: Religious Naturalism and the Menace of Evil. State University of New York Press. p. 124. {{ISBN|0-7914-7519-0}}.</ref> Some of the most famous pantheists are the [[Stoics]], [[Giordano Bruno]] and [[Spinoza]].