Editing Mindanao (section)

=== Marcos era (1965–1986) ===
{{main|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Ilaga|Jabidah massacre|Moro conflict}}
Under [[Ferdinand Marcos]]'s administration, Christian groups began to settle in Mindanao, displacing many locals. The population boom resulted in conflicts as the original owners sought their ancestral land domains.<ref>See {{Cite book |last=Francia |first=Luis H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwQoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |title=History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos |date=2013 |publisher=Overlook Press |isbn=978-1-4683-1545-5 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>For an in-depth survey of indigenous peoples and forced land seizures in the Philippines, see {{Cite web |last=Eder |first=James F. |date=June 1994 |title=Indigenous Peoples, Ancestral Lands and Human Rights in the Philippines |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221421/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |website=Cultural Survival Quarterly}}</ref>

The [[Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos administration]] encouraged new settlers who had emigrated to Mindanao to form a militia, which was eventually called the [[Ilaga]]. Anecdotal evidence states that the Ilaga often committed human rights abuses by targeting the [[Moro people|Moro]] and [[Lumad]] people, as well as attempting to seize additional territory. It resulted in a lingering animosity between Moro and Christian communities. Mistrust and a cycle of violence are still felt today due to the creation of the Ilaga.<ref name="Case">{{Citation |title=The Bangsamoro Struggle for Self-Determintation: A Case Study |url=http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ccpv/assets/docs/CCPV%20-%20The%20Bangsamoro%20Struggle%20for%20Self-Determination%20-%20A%20Case%20Study%20-%20By%20Caecilia%20Noble.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025250/http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ccpv/assets/docs/CCPV%20-%20The%20Bangsamoro%20Struggle%20for%20Self-Determination%20-%20A%20Case%20Study%20-%20By%20Caecilia%20Noble.pdf |access-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |mode=cs1 |url-status=live |via=manoa.hawaii.edu}}</ref><ref name="Mackerras 2003">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi6DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |title=Ethnicity in Asia |date=2004 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=0-203-38046-0 |editor-last=Mackerras |editor-first=Colin |location=London |page=143}}</ref>

The [[Jabidah massacre]] in 1968 is commonly cited as the major flashpoint that ignited the Moro insurgency, and the ensuing ethnic tensions led to the formation of secessionist movements,<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=T. J. S. |title=Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics |date=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-580429-5 |location=Kuala Lumpur |oclc=6569089}}</ref> such as the [[Muslim Independence Movement]] and the [[Bangsamoro Liberation Organization]]. These movements were largely political in nature, but the prohibition of political parties after Marcos' 1972 declaration of Martial Law led to the founding and dominance of armed groups such as the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] (MNLF), and the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] (MILF).<ref name="Mackerras 2003" /> Ethnic conflicts continued to escalate, leading to incidents like the [[Manili massacre|1971 Manili massacre]], the [[Pata Island massacre]], and the [[Palimbang massacre]].<ref name="Mackerras 2003" />

Additionally, an economic crisis in late 1969 led to social unrest throughout the country, and violent crackdowns on protests led to the radicalization of many students,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodis |first=Rodel |date=January 30, 2015 |title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm |url-status=live |access-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ |archive-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> with some joining the [[New People's Army]], bringing the  [[New People's Army rebellion]] to Mindanao for the first time.<ref name="MiclatinArguillas" />

Marcos' declaration led to the shuttering of press outlets – television stations, national newspapers, weekly magazines, community newspapers, and radio stations – throughout the country, including in Mindanao.<ref name="GazetteMLInfographic">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph:80/featured/infographic-day-marcos-declared-martial-law-september-23-1972/ |title=Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911040256/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/infographic-day-marcos-declared-martial-law-september-23-1972/ |archive-date=September 11, 2017  |access-date=October 26, 2018 }}</ref> The remaining years of the Marcos dictatorship led to the killings of many Mindanao journalists, with prominent examples being [[Alex Orcullo]] of ''Mindanao Currents'' and ''Mindaweek'',<ref name="BantayogProfileOrcullo">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bantayog.org/orcullo-alexander-l/ |title=ORCULLO, Alexander L. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani |date=March 6, 2016 |work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |access-date=October 31, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015419/http://www.bantayog.org/orcullo-alexander-l/  }}</ref><ref name="HowieSeverino20170225">{{Cite video |title=iWitness: Sino si Alex Orcullo? At Ano ang Kontribusyon niya sa People Power sa Davao? |date=February 25, 2017 |last=Severino |first=Howie |type=TV Documentary |language=Filipino|publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs]]}}</ref> and [[Jacobo Amatong]] of the ''Mindanao Observer''.<ref name="BantayogProfileAmatong">{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2015 |title=MARTYRS & HEROES: Amatong, Jacobo S. |url=http://www.bantayog.org/amatong-jacobo-s/ |access-date=March 4, 2021 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616021217/https://www.bantayog.org/amatong-jacobo-s/  }}</ref><ref name="Maslog1993">{{Cite book |last=Maslog |first=Crispin C. |title=The rise and fall of Philippine community newspapers |publisher=Published by the Philippine Press Institute with funding from Konrad Adenauer Foundation |year=1993 |isbn=971-8703-09-8 |location=Intramuros, Manila |oclc=29830136}}</ref>