Editing Menopause (section)

=== Premature ovarian insufficiency ===
In rare cases, a woman's ovaries stop working at a very early age, ranging anywhere from the age of [[puberty]] to age 40. This is known as [[premature ovarian failure]] or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and affects 1 to 2% of women by age 40.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Podfigurna-Stopa A, Czyzyk A, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Katulski K, Czajkowski K, Meczekalski B |date=September 2016 |title=Premature ovarian insufficiency: the context of long-term effects |journal=[[Journal of Endocrinological Investigation]] |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=983–90 |doi=10.1007/s40618-016-0467-z |pmc=4987394 |pmid=27091671}}</ref><ref name="Laissue20152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laissue P |date=August 2015 |title=Aetiological coding sequence variants in non-syndromic premature ovarian failure: From genetic linkage analysis to next generation sequencing |journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology |type=Review |volume=411 |pages=243–57 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.005 |pmid=25960166 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="-Fenton20152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fenton AJ |year=2015 |title=Premature ovarian insufficiency: Pathogenesis and management |journal=Journal of Mid-Life Health |type=Review |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=147–53 |doi=10.4103/0976-7800.172292 |pmc=4743275 |pmid=26903753 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is diagnosed or confirmed by high blood levels of [[follicle stimulating hormone]] (FSH) and [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH) on at least three occasions at least four weeks apart.<ref name="Kalantaridou_10062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalantaridou SN, Davis SR, Nelson LM |date=December 1998 |title=Premature ovarian failure |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=989–1006 |doi=10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70051-7 |pmid=9922918}}</ref>

Premature ovarian insufficiency may be related to an auto immune disorder and therefore might co-occur with other [[autoimmune disorder]]s such as [[thyroid]] disease, [adrenal insufficiency], and [[diabetes mellitus]].<ref name="-Fenton20152" /> Other causes include [[chemotherapy]], being a carrier of the [[fragile X syndrome]] gene, and [[radiotherapy]].<ref name="-Fenton20152" /> However, in about 50–80% of cases of premature ovarian insufficiency, the cause is unknown, i.e., it is generally [[idiopathic]].<ref name="Laissue20152" /><ref name="Kalantaridou_10062" />

Early menopause can be related to [[cigarette]] smoking, higher [[body mass index]], racial and ethnic factors, illnesses, and the removal of the uterus.<ref name="Bucher, et al. 19302">Bucher, et al. 1930</ref>