Editing Mastectomy (section)

==History==
Breast surgery was first described 3000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Facsimile plates and line for line hieroglyphic transliteration |date=1991 |publisher=The Univ. of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-918986-73-3 |editor-last=Breasted |editor-first=James Henry |edition=Reissued |series=The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus : published in facsimile and hieroglyphic transliteration with translation and commentary in two volumes |location=Chicago, Ill}}</ref> In the earliest stages, breast tumors were treated with simple cauterization. Later, alternating incision and cauterization with complete removal of tumors was suggested by [[Leonidas (physician)|Leonides]], one of the first breast oncologic surgeons recorded in history.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Iavazzo |first1=Cr |last2=Trompoukis |first2=C |last3=Siempos |first3=Ii |last4=Falagas |first4=Me |date=January 2009 |title=The breast: from Ancient Greek myths to Hippocrates and Galen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1472648310602775 |journal=Reproductive BioMedicine Online |language=en |volume=19 |pages=51–54 |doi=10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60277-5|pmid=19891848 }}</ref> Other surgeons recommended excision and cauterization only if the tumor could be removed completely; otherwise, avoiding surgery was recommended. Ambrose Pare (b. 1510), a well-known surgeon from Paris who was well known for his experience treating soldiers who were injured, proposed a multi-tiered approach to breast surgery. While superficial cancers could be excised, more advanced cancers were managed through compression by lead plates to reduce blood supply to the tumor.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In the 1500s, William Fabry (b.1560), a German surgeon known as the father of German surgery, created a device that compressed and fixed the base of the breast during mastectomy, which subsequently allowed for faster excision of the breast. Another technique developed during this time to improve efficiency of breast dissection was using ligatures to achieve anterior traction. Despite the development of these techniques, there were few mastectomies actually performed at the time due to lack of qualified surgeons and the high morbidity, mortality and disfigurement associated with the surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6006018/ |title=The evolution of mastectomy surgical technique: from mutilation to medicine |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

During the 1700s, large contributions in mapping lymph nodes for surgery were made by Pieter Camper (b. 1722) and Paolo Mascagni (b. 1752). Lymph node removal was advocated for in managing breast cancer.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Hennion |first=Antoine |title=Chapitre 6. Habiter à plusieurs peuples sur le même sol |date=2020-07-30 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/herm.moqua.2020.01.0222 |work=Brassages planétaires |pages=222–237 |publisher=Hermann |doi=10.3917/herm.moqua.2020.01.0222 |isbn=979-10-370-0357-7 |s2cid=242420586 |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref> At this time, surgeries were still performed without proper aseptics and without anesthesia.

In the 19th century, Seishu Hanaoka, a Japanese surgeon, performed the first surgery in the world under general anesthesia. Many more advancements in anesthesia and aseptic technique were made during this century. William Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895, which radically shifted breast cancer treatment from a solely surgical approach to the multi-pronged approach employed today, including imaging, hormonal therapy, radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=Matthew D. |last2=Gopman |first2=Jared M. |last3=Salzberg |first3=C. Andrew |date=June 2018 |title=The evolution of mastectomy surgical technique: from mutilation to medicine |journal=Gland Surgery |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=308–315 |doi=10.21037/gs.2017.09.07 |pmid=29998080|pmc=6006018 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

During the 20th century, progress was made towards skin-sparing mastectomies for treatment of breast cancer. Recent literature suggests that these procedures allow for improved aesthetic outcomes while also not increasing risk for local recurrence compared to conventional mastectomies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torresan |first1=Renato Zocchio |last2=Santos |first2=César Cabello dos |last3=Okamura |first3=Hélio |last4=Alvarenga |first4=Marcelo |date=December 2005 |title=Evaluation of Residual Glandular Tissue After Skin-Sparing Mastectomies |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1245/ASO.2005.11.027 |journal=Annals of Surgical Oncology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1037–1044 |doi=10.1245/ASO.2005.11.027 |pmid=16244800 |s2cid=2646372 |issn=1068-9265}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=Fritz E. |last2=English |first2=J Martin |last3=Kingsley |first3=William B. |last4=Fietz |first4=Mary |date=September 1991 |title=Glandular Excision in Total Glandular Mastectomy and Modified Radical Mastectomy: A Comparison |url=http://journals.lww.com/00006534-199109000-00001 |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |language=en |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=389–392 |doi=10.1097/00006534-199109000-00001 |pmid=1871214 |s2cid=22756319 |issn=0032-1052}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carlson |first1=Grant W. |last2=Styblo |first2=Toncred M. |last3=Lyles |first3=Robert H. |last4=Bostwick |first4=John |last5=Murray |first5=Douglas R. |last6=Staley |first6=Charles A. |last7=Wood |first7=William C. |date=March 2003 |title=Local Recurrence After Skin-Sparing Mastectomy: Tumor Biology or Surgical Conservatism? |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1245/ASO.2003.03.053 |journal=Annals of Surgical Oncology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=108–112 |doi=10.1245/ASO.2003.03.053 |pmid=12620903 |s2cid=25249249 |issn=1068-9265}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lanitis |first1=Sophocles |last2=Tekkis |first2=Paris P. |last3=Sgourakis |first3=George |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=Nikitas |last5=Al Mufti |first5=Ragheed |last6=Hadjiminas |first6=Dimitri J. |date=April 2010 |title=Comparison of Skin-Sparing Mastectomy Versus Non–Skin-Sparing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies |url=https://journals.lww.com/00000658-201004000-00009 |journal=Annals of Surgery |language=en |volume=251 |issue=4 |pages=632–639 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181d35bf8 |pmid=20224371 |s2cid=24869923 |issn=0003-4932}}</ref>

For example, in 1937, the [[Taunton State Hospital|Tauton State Hospital]] in Massachusetts reported 1 mastectomy in its operating rooms that year, listed alongside other operations including [[colostomy]] (1), [[enterostomy]] (1), [[Hernia repair|herniorrhaphy]] (4), [[laparotomy]] (1), and [[circumcision]] (2).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trustees of the Taunton State Hospital |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYNKAAAAMAAJ&q=%22mastectomy |title=Annual Report of the Trustees of the Taunton State Hospital for the Year Ending November 30, 1937 |date=1937 |work=Public Documents of Massachusetts, Volume II |language=en}}</ref>