Editing Market failure (section)

===Persistent labor shortages===
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Widespread and persistent domestic labour shortages in various countries are examples of market failure, whereby excessively low [[Salary|salaries]] (relative to the domestic [[cost of living]]) and adverse [[Occupational stress#Causes of occupational stress|working conditions]] (excessive [[workload]] and [[Working time|working hours]]) in low-wage industries ([[Hospitality industry|hospitality and leisure]], [[Educational stage|education]], [[health care]], [[Rail transport|rail transportation]], [[Warehouse|warehousing]], [[aviation]], [[retail]], [[manufacturing]], [[Food industry|food]], [[construction]], [[elderly care]]), collectively lead to [[occupational burnout]] and attrition of existing workers, insufficient [[Incentive|incentives]] to attract the inflow supply of domestic workers, short-staffing and regular [[shift work]] at [[Workplace|workplaces]] and further exacerbation ([[positive feedback]]) of staff shortages. Poor job quality and artificial shortages perpetuated by salary-paying employers, deter workers from entering or remaining in these roles.

Labour shortages occur broadly across multiple industries within a rapidly expanding economy, whilst labour shortages often occur within specific industries (which generally offer low salaries) even during economic periods of high unemployment. In response to domestic labour shortages, business associations such as [[Chamber of commerce|chambers of commerce]], [[Trade association|trade associations]] or [[Employers' organization|employers' organizations]] would generally lobby to governments for an increase of the inward [[immigration]] of [[Foreign worker|foreign workers]] from countries which are [[Developing country|less developed]] and have lower salaries. In addition, business associations have campaigned for greater state provision of [[child care]], which would enable more women to re-enter the labour workforce at a lower wage rate to achieve [[economic equilibrium]]. However, as labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries are often widespread globally throughout many countries in the world, immigration would only partially address the chronic labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries in [[Developed country|developed countries]] (whilst simultaneously discouraging local labour from entering the relevant industries) and in turn cause greater labour shortages in developing countries.