Editing Manuscript (section)

===Scripts===
[[Merovingian script]], or "Luxeuil minuscule", is named after an abbey in Western France, the [[Abbey of Luxeuil|Luxeuil Abbey]], founded by the Irish missionary St [[Columba]] {{Circa|590}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|first= Michelle P. |title =Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts|location= Toronto|date= 1991|isbn = 9780802077288|publisher = University of Toronto Press}}</ref><ref>Brown, Michelle P. ''A Guide to Western Historical Scripts from Antiquity to 1600''. Toronto,1990.</ref> [[Caroline minuscule]] is a [[Calligraphy|calligraphic script]] developed as a writing standard in [[Europe]] so that the [[Latin alphabet]] could be easily recognized by the literate class from different regions. It was used in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] between approximately 800 and 1200. Codices, classical and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]. The script developed into blackletter and became obsolete, though its revival in the Italian renaissance forms the basis of more recent scripts.<ref name = "Intro" /> In ''Introduction to Manuscript Studies'', Clemens and Graham associate the beginning of this text coming from the Abby of Saint-Martin at [[Tours]].<ref name="Intro"/>

Caroline Minuscule arrived in England in the second half of the 10th century. Its adoption there, replacing [[Insular script]], was encouraged by the importation of continental European manuscripts by Saints [[Dunstan]], [[Æthelwold of Winchester|Aethelwold]], and [[Oswald of Worcester|Oswald]]. This script spread quite rapidly, being employed in many English centres for copying Latin texts. English scribes adapted the Carolingian script, giving it proportion and legibility. This new revision of the Caroline minuscule was called English Protogothic Bookhand.
Another script that is derived from the Caroline Minuscule was the German Protogothic Bookhand. It originated in southern Germany during the second half of the 12th century.<ref name="script">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. "English Protogothic Bookhand." In Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008. 146–147.</ref>
All the individual letters are Caroline; but just as with English Protogothic Bookhand it evolved. This can be seen most notably in the arm of the letter h. It has a hairline that tapers out by curving to the left. When first read the German Protogothic h looks like the German Protogothic b.<ref name="manu" >Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. "German Protogothic Bookhand." In Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008. 149–150.</ref> Many more scripts sprang out of the German Protogothic Bookhand. After those came Bastard Anglicana, which is best described as:<ref name="Intro"/><!--pg.164-->
<blockquote>
The coexistence in the Gothic period of formal hands employed for the copying of books and cursive scripts used for documentary purposes eventually resulted in cross-fertilization between these two fundamentally different writing styles. Notably, scribes began to upgrade some of the cursive scripts. A script that has been thus formalized is known as a ''bastard'' script (whereas a bookhand that has had cursive elements fused onto it is known as a hybrid script). The advantage of such a script was that it could be written more quickly than a pure bookhand; it thus recommended itself to scribes in a period when demand for books was increasing and authors were tending to write longer texts. In England during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, many books were written in the script known as Bastard Anglicana.</blockquote>