Editing Manhattan Project (section)

=== Oak Ridge ===
{{Main|Clinton Engineer Works}}
[[File:Y-12 Shift Change.jpg|thumb|Shift change at the Y-12 uranium enrichment facility at the [[Clinton Engineer Works]] in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], on 11 August 1945. By May 1945, 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works.<ref name="Johnson & Jackson pp. 168–169" /> Photograph by the Manhattan District photographer [[Ed Westcott]].|alt=Workers, mostly women, pour out of a cluster of buildings. A billboard exhorts them to "Make C.E.W. COUNT continue to protect project information!"]]
The day after he took over the project, Groves went to Tennessee with Colonel Marshall to inspect the proposed site there, and Groves was impressed.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|pp=116–117}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Groves|1962|pp=25–26}}.</ref> On 29 September 1942, [[United States Under Secretary of War]] [[Robert P. Patterson]] authorized the Corps of Engineers to acquire {{convert|56000|acre|ha}} of land by [[eminent domain]] at a cost of $3.5&nbsp;million. An additional {{convert|3000|acre|ha}} was subsequently acquired. About 1,000 families were affected by the order, which came into effect on 7 October.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|p=78}}.</ref> Protests, legal appeals, and a 1943 Congressional inquiry were to no avail.<ref name="Johnson & Jackson, pp. 39-43">{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|pp=39–43}}.</ref> By mid-November [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals]] were posting notices to vacate on farmhouse doors, and construction contractors were moving in.<ref name="Fine&Remington, pp. 663-664">{{harvnb|Fine|Remington|1972|pp=663–664}}.</ref> Some families were given two weeks' notice to vacate farms that had been their homes for generations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review, Vol. 25, Nos. 3 and 4, 2002 |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml |publisher=ornl.gov |access-date=9 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825162412/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml |archive-date=25 August 2009}}</ref> The ultimate cost of the land acquisition, which was not completed until March 1945, was only about $2.6&nbsp;million—around $47 an acre.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=327–328}}.</ref> When presented with a proclamation declaring Oak Ridge a total exclusion area that no one could enter without military permission, the [[Governor of Tennessee]], [[Prentice Cooper]], angrily tore it up.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|p=49}}.</ref>

Initially known as the Kingston Demolition Range, the site was officially renamed the [[Clinton Engineer Works]] (CEW) in early 1943.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|p=8}}.</ref> While Stone & Webster concentrated on the production facilities, the architectural and engineering firm [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] developed a residential community for 13,000. The community was located on the slopes of Black Oak Ridge, from which the new town of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]] got its name.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|pp=14–17}}.</ref> The Army presence at Oak Ridge increased in August 1943 when Nichols replaced Marshall as head of the Manhattan Engineer District. One of his first tasks was to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge, although the name of the district did not change.<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|1985|p=88}}.</ref> In September 1943 the administration of community facilities was outsourced to [[Turner Construction Company]] through a subsidiary, the Roane-Anderson Company.<ref name="Roane-Anderson">{{harvnb|Jones|1985|pp=443–446}}.</ref> Chemical engineers were part of "frantic efforts" to make 10% to 12% enriched uranium 235, with tight security and fast approvals for supplies and materials.<ref>William J. (Bill) Wilcox Jr., Oak Ridge City Historian, Retired Technical Director for the Oak Ridge Y-12 & K-25 Plants, 11 November 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042228/http://www.oakridgeheritage.com/images/Early_Days_of_Oak_Ridge_and_Wartime_Y-12.pdf Early Days of Oak Ridge and Wartime Y-12], Retrieved 22 November 2014</ref> The population of Oak Ridge soon expanded well beyond the initial plans, and peaked at 75,000 in May 1945, by which time 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works,<ref name="Johnson & Jackson pp. 168–169">{{harvnb|Johnson|Jackson|1981|pp=168–169}}.</ref> and 10,000 by Roane-Anderson.<ref name="Roane-Anderson" />