Editing Luxembourg (section)

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Luxembourg|Law of Luxembourg}}
[[File:Luxembourg City Chambre des députés Nov 2009.jpg|thumb|left|The Hall of the Chamber of Deputies, the meeting place of the Luxembourgish national legislature, the [[Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg|Chamber of Deputies]], in [[Luxembourg City]]]]
Luxembourg is described as a "[[Democracy Index#Definitions|full democracy]]",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016|title=Democracy Index 2016 – The Economist Intelligence Unit|last=solutions|first=EIU digital|website=www.eiu.com|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111195322/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016|url-status=live}}</ref> with a [[parliamentary democracy]] headed by a [[constitutional monarch]]. Executive power is exercised by the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg|grand duke]] and the cabinet, which consists of several members with the titles of minister, minister delegate or secretary of state, who are headed by a Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gouvernement.lu/en/systeme-politique/gouvernement.html |title=Government Composition |website=Gouvernement.lu |date=28 May 2013 |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219131243/https://gouvernement.lu/en/systeme-politique/gouvernement.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The current [[Constitution of Luxembourg]], the supreme law of Luxembourg, was originally adopted on 17 October 1868.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/constitution/1868/10/17/n1/jo |title=Mémorial A, 1868, No.25, Constitution du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg |website=Legilux.lu |language=fr |access-date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127145014/https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/constitution/1868/10/17/n1/jo |url-status=live }}</ref> The Constitution was last updated on 1 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/constitution/1868/10/17/n1 |title=Constitution du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg |website=Legilux |language=fr |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>

The grand duke has the power to dissolve the [[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|legislature]], in which case new elections must be held within three months. But since 1919, sovereignty has resided with the nation, exercised by the grand duke in accordance with the Constitution and the law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/recueils/constitution_droits_de_lhomme/CONST1.pdf |title=Constitution of Luxembourg |access-date=23 July 2006 |year=2005 |publisher=Service central de législation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021501/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/recueils/constitution_droits_de_lhomme/CONST1.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:Palacio Gran Ducal de Luxemburgo.jpg|thumb|The [[Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg|Grand Ducal Palace]] in [[Luxembourg City]], the official residence of the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]]]
Legislative power is vested in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg|Chamber of Deputies]], a [[unicameral]] legislature of sixty members, who are directly elected to five-year terms from four [[Legislative circonscriptions (Luxembourg)|constituencies]]. A second body, the [[Council of State of Luxembourg|Council of State]] (''Conseil d'État''), composed of 21 ordinary citizens appointed by the grand duke, advises the Chamber of Deputies in the drafting of legislation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ce.etat.lu/structure.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619171336/http://www.ce.etat.lu/structure.htm |archive-date=19 June 2006 |title=Structure of the Conseil d'Etat |access-date=23 July 2006 |publisher=Conseil d'Etat }}</ref>

Luxembourg has three lower tribunals (''justices de paix''; in [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], the city of [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]], and [[Diekirch]]), two district tribunals (Luxembourg and Diekirch), and a [[Superior court of justice (Luxembourg)|Superior Court of Justice]] (Luxembourg), which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. There is also an Administrative Tribunal and an Administrative Court, as well as a Constitutional Court, all of which are located in the capital.

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Cantons of Luxembourg|Communes of Luxembourg}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of Luxembourg}}
Luxembourg is divided into 12 [[Cantons of Luxembourg|cantons]], which are further divided into 100 [[Communes of Luxembourg|communes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/territoire-et-climat/territoire.html |title=Luxembourg's territory |publisher=Luxembourg.public.lu |date=20 September 2020 |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925081914/https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/territoire-et-climat/territoire.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Twelve of the communes have [[List of cities in Luxembourg|city status]]; the city of [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]] is the largest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luxembourg – Communications|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Luxembourg|access-date=12 December 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305112826/https://www.britannica.com/place/Luxembourg|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| total_width       = 600
| image_gap         = 20
| header            = Partitions and Cantons of Luxembourg
| image1            = LuxembourgPartitionsMap english.png
| caption1          = There have been three [[partitions of Luxembourg]] between 1659 and 1839. Together, they reduced the territory of Luxembourg from {{convert|10700|km2|abbr=on}} to the present-day area of {{convert|2586|km2|abbr=on}}. The remainder forms parts of modern-day Belgium, France, and Germany.
| image2            = Cantons of Luxembourg numbered.png
| caption2          = [[Cantons of Luxembourg]]:<br />[[Capellen (canton)|Capellen]] (1) – [[Clervaux (canton)|Clervaux]] (2) – [[Diekirch (canton)|Diekirch]] (3) – [[Echternach (canton)|Echternach]] (4) – [[Esch-sur-Alzette (canton)|Esch-sur-Alzette]] (5) – [[Grevenmacher (canton)|Grevenmacher]] (6) – [[Luxembourg (canton)|Luxembourg]] (7) – [[Mersch (canton)|Mersch]] (8) – [[Redange (canton)|Redange]] (9) – [[Remich (canton)|Remich]] (10) – [[Vianden (canton)|Vianden]] (11) – [[Wiltz (canton)|Wiltz]] (12)
}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Luxembourg}}
[[File:EU Court of Justice overview.jpg|thumb|The [[Court of Justice of the European Union]], seated in [[Luxembourg City]]]]
Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and [[economic integration]]. In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the [[Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union]] (BLEU) to create a regime of inter-exchangeable currency and a common [[Customs (tax)|customs]].<ref name=":0" /> Luxembourg is a member of the [[Benelux Economic Union]] and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community (now the European Union). It also participates in the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen Group]] (named after [[Schengen, Luxembourg|the Luxembourg village of Schengen]] where the agreements were signed).<ref name=":1" /> At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-[[NATO]], pro-US foreign policy.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Interdependence, States and Community: Ethical Concerns and Foreign Policy in ASEAN |date=23 March 2016 |title=The Ethics of Foreign Policy |pages=151–164 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315616179-19 |isbn=978-1-315-61617-9}}{{clarify|reason="doi= value" does not match "chapter= title"; which is the 'one' source that is actually being cited?|date=January 2024}}</ref>

Luxembourg is considered a European capital, and is the site of the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]], the [[European Court of Auditors]], the [[European Investment Bank]], the Statistical Office of the European Union ([[Eurostat]]) and other vital EU organs. The [[Secretariat of the European Parliament]] is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in [[Brussels]] and sometimes in [[Strasbourg]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The European institutions in Luxembourg|url=http://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/international-openness/eu-institutions.html|access-date=12 December 2020|website=luxembourg.public.lu|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119173856/https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/international-openness/eu-institutions.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Luxembourg is also site of the [[EFTA Court]], which is responsible for the three [[EFTA]] members who are part of the European Single Market through the [[EEA Agreement]].<ref>[https://eftacourt.int/the-court EFTA Court homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203145232/https://eftacourt.int/the-court |date=3 February 2023 }}, Retrieved 3 February 2023.</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Luxembourg Armed Forces}}
[[File:Soldats luxembourgeois.jpg|thumb|Luxembourgish soldiers on parade during National Day, ''Grand Duke Day'', 23 June]]
The Luxembourgish army is mostly based in its casern, the ''Centre militaire Caserne Grand-Duc Jean'' on the ''Härebierg'' in Diekirch. The general staff is based in the capital, the ''État-Major''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=SA|first=Interact|title=Accueil|url=http://www.armee.lu/|access-date=13 September 2017|website=www.armee.lu|language=fr-FR|archive-date=10 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310120638/http://www.armee.lu/|url-status=live}}</ref> The army is under [[civilian control of the military|civilian control]], with the grand duke as [[Commander-in-Chief]]. The [[Minister for Defence of Luxembourg|Minister for Defense]], [[Yuriko Backes]], oversees army operations. The professional head of the army is the [[Chief of Defence (Luxembourg)|Chief of Defense]], who answers to the minister and holds the rank of general.

Being landlocked, Luxembourg has no navy. Seventeen NATO [[Airborne Warning And Control System|AWACS]] aeroplanes are registered as aircraft of Luxembourg.<ref name="Aeroflight">{{cite web |url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/lux/luxaf1.htm |title=Luxembourg |access-date=23 July 2006 |date=8 September 2005 |publisher=Aeroflight.co.uk |archive-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529201100/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/lux/luxaf1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In accordance with a joint agreement with Belgium, both countries have put forth funding for one [[Airbus A400M|A400M]] military cargo plane.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/No%20Volume/58216/Part/I-58216-0800000280648423.pdf |title=No. 58216 Luxembourg and Belgium |publisher=United Nations |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>

Luxembourg has participated in the [[Eurocorps]], has contributed troops to the [[United Nations Protection Force|UNPROFOR]] and [[IFOR]] missions in former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and has participated with a small contingent in the [[NATO]] [[SFOR]] mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Luxembourg troops have also deployed to Afghanistan, to support [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]]. The army has also participated in humanitarian relief missions such as setting up refugee camps for [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] and providing emergency supplies to Albania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnhm.lu/pageshtml/luxembourgarmy.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702110138/http://www.mnhm.lu/pageshtml/luxembourgarmy.php|archive-date=2 July 2010|title=Luxembourg Army History|date=2 July 2010|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>