Editing Luanda (section)

===Climate===
Luanda has a [[hot semi-arid climate|hot semi-desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSh''), bordering upon a [[desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]] (''BWh''). The climate is warm to hot but surprisingly dry, owing to the cool [[Benguela Current]], which prevents moisture from easily condensing into rain. Frequent fog prevents temperatures from falling at night even during the completely dry months from May to October. Luanda has an annual rainfall of {{convert|405|mm|in|1}}, but the variability is among the highest in the world, with a co-efficient of variation above 40 percent.<ref>Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; "Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach"; in ''Journal of Climate'', 12; pp. 3457–3466</ref> The climate is largely influenced by the offshore Benguela current. The current gives the city a surprisingly low humidity despite its tropical latitude, which makes the hotter months considerably more bearable than similar cities in Western/Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Luanda, Angola |url=https://visitafrica.site/cities/experience-luanda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003943/https://visitafrica.site/luanda.html |archive-date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=visitafrica.site |language=en-GB}}</ref> Observed records since 1858 range from {{convert|55|mm|in}} in 1958 to {{convert|851|mm|in}} in 1916. The short rainy season in March and April depends on a northerly counter current bringing moisture to the city: it has been shown clearly that weakness in the Benguela Current can increase rainfall about sixfold compared with years when that current is strong.<ref>[http://traveltoafrica.info/chuva-em-luanda-angola.html Video from heavy rain falls in Luanda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727171345/http://traveltoafrica.info/chuva-em-luanda-angola.html |date=2012-07-27 }} December 28, 2010</ref>

{{Weather box|location = Luanda (1961–1990, extremes 1879–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 33.9
|Feb record high C = 34.1
|Mar record high C = 37.2
|Apr record high C = 36.1
|May record high C = 36.1
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 28.9
|Aug record high C = 28.3
|Sep record high C = 31.0
|Oct record high C = 31.2
|Nov record high C = 36.1
|Dec record high C = 33.6
|year record high C = 37.2
|Jan high C = 29.5
|Feb high C = 30.5
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 30.2
|May high C = 28.8
|Jun high C = 25.7
|Jul high C = 23.9
|Aug high C = 24.0
|Sep high C = 25.4
|Oct high C = 26.8
|Nov high C = 28.4
|Dec high C = 28.6
|year high C = 27.7
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 28.5
|Mar mean C = 28.6
|Apr mean C = 28.2
|May mean C = 27.0
|Jun mean C = 23.9
|Jul mean C = 22.1
|Aug mean C = 22.1
|Sep mean C = 23.5
|Oct mean C = 25.2
|Nov mean C = 26.7
|Dec mean C = 26.9
|year mean C = 25.8
|Jan low C = 23.9
|Feb low C = 24.7
|Mar low C = 24.6
|Apr low C = 24.3
|May low C = 23.3
|Jun low C = 20.3
|Jul low C = 18.7
|Aug low C = 18.8
|Sep low C = 20.2
|Oct low C = 22.0
|Nov low C = 23.3
|Dec low C = 23.5
|year low C = 22.3
|Jan record low C = 18.0
|Feb record low C = 16.1
|Mar record low C = 20.0
|Apr record low C = 17.8
|May record low C = 17.8
|Jun record low C = 12.8
|Jul record low C = 11.0
|Aug record low C = 12.2
|Sep record low C = 15.0
|Oct record low C = 17.8
|Nov record low C = 17.2
|Dec record low C = 17.8
|year record low C = 11.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 30
|Feb rain mm = 36
|Mar rain mm = 114
|Apr rain mm = 136
|May rain mm = 16
|Jun rain mm = 0
|Jul rain mm = 0
|Aug rain mm = 1
|Sep rain mm = 2
|Oct rain mm = 7
|Nov rain mm = 32
|Dec rain mm = 31
|Jan humidity = 80
|Feb humidity = 78
|Mar humidity = 80
|Apr humidity = 83
|May humidity = 83
|Jun humidity = 82
|Jul humidity = 83
|Aug humidity = 85
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 81
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 81
|year humidity = 82
|unit rain days = 0.1&nbsp;mm
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 5
|Mar rain days = 9
|Apr rain days = 11
|May rain days = 2
|Jun rain days = 0
|Jul rain days = 0
|Aug rain days = 1
|Sep rain days = 3
|Oct rain days = 5
|Nov rain days = 8
|Dec rain days = 5
|Jan sun = 217.0
|Feb sun = 203.4
|Mar sun = 207.7
|Apr sun = 192.0
|May sun = 229.4
|Jun sun = 207.0
|Jul sun = 167.4
|Aug sun = 148.8
|Sep sun = 150.0
|Oct sun = 167.4
|Nov sun = 186.0
|Dec sun = 201.5
|year sun = 
|Jand sun = 7.0
|Febd sun = 7.2
|Mard sun = 6.7
|Aprd sun = 6.4
|Mayd sun = 7.4
|Jund sun = 6.9
|Juld sun = 5.4
|Augd sun = 4.8
|Sepd sun = 5.0
|Octd sun = 5.4
|Novd sun = 6.2
|Decd sun = 6.5
|yeard sun = 6.2
|source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_661600_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Luanda, Prov. Luanda / Angola
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 11 June 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512103602/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_661600_kt.pdf
| archive-date = 12 May 2019
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1479
| title = Station Luanda
| publisher = Meteo Climat
|language = fr
| access-date = 11 June 2016}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==== Climate change ====
A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Luanda in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Guatemala City]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|0.7|C-change|F-change}}, the temperature of the coldest month by {{convert|0.4|C-change|F-change}}, and the temperature of the warmest month by {{convert|0.1|C-change|F-change}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414131223/https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moreover, according to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Luanda is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], [[Algiers]], [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Durban]], [[Lagos]], [[Lomé]], Luanda and [[Maputo]]) which would be the most severely affected by the future [[sea level rise]]. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of USD 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and USD 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]] at high levels of warming would involve up to 137.5 billion USD in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to USD 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, USD 206 billion for RCP8.5 and USD 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206082533/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf |date=2022-12-06 }}. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |date=2022-02-28 }} [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201719/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>