Editing Luís de Camões (section)

===''Rimas''===
[[File:Camões - Rimas 1595.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cover of the first edition of ''Rimas'', 1595]]
Camões' lyric work, dispersed in manuscripts,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Azevedo |first1=Maria Antonieta Soares de |title="Um Manuscrito Quinhentista de Os Lusíadas". In: Colóquio de Letras |date=1980 |pages=(55):14 |url=http://coloquio.gulbenkian.pt/bib/sirius.exe/issueContentDisplay?n=55&p=14&o=p |access-date=2021-02-25 |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422023529/http://coloquio.gulbenkian.pt/bib/sirius.exe/issueContentDisplay?n=55&p=14&o=p |url-status=dead }}</ref> was collected and published posthumously in 1595 under the title ''[[Rimas]]'' (''Rhymes''). Throughout the 17th century, the growing prestige of his epic contributed to raise the appreciation for these other poems even more. The collection includes ''redondilhas'', [[ode]]s, [[Gloss (annotation)|glosses]], [[cantiga]]s, twists or variations, ''sextilhas'', [[sonnet]]s, [[elegies]], [[eclogue]]s and other small stanzas. His lyrical poetry comes from several different sources: the sonnets generally follow the Italian style derived from [[Petrarch]], the songs took the model of Petrarch and [[Pietro Bembo]]. In the odes, the influence of the [[troubadour]] poetry of chivalry and classical poetry is verified, but with a more refined style; in the ''sextilhas'' the Provençal influence is clear; in the redondilhas it expanded the form, deepened the lyricism and introduced a theme, worked on antitheses and paradoxes, unknown in the old tradition of [[Cantigas de amigo]], and the elegies are quite classicist. Its resorts follow an epistolary style, with moralizing themes. Eclogues are perfect pieces of the pastoral genre, derived from Virgil and the Italians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mourão e Vasconcelos |title=Os Lusiadas: nova edicao segundo a do Morgado Matteus, com as notas e vida do autor pelo mesmo, corrigida segunda as edicoes de Hamburgo e de Lisboa, e enrequecida de novas notas e d'uma prefaçao pel C.L. de Moura |year=1847 |publisher=Didot |isbn=|pages=72–81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqg4AAAAYAAJ&q=%22camoes%22+lusiadas&pg=PA1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moisés |first1=Massaud |title=A literatura portuguesa |date=1997 |publisher=Editora Cultrix |isbn=978-85-316-0231-3 |pages=54–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcQYSXj0xN0C&q=%22el+rei+seleuco%22&pg=PA54 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref name="Bergel">{{cite web |last1=Bergel |first1=Antonio J. Alías |title=Camões laureado: Legitimación y uso poético de Camões durante el bilingüismo ibérico en el "período filipino" |url=https://webs.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero42/camoensl.html |publisher=Espéculo — Revista de estudios literarios |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123181442/https://webs.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero42/camoensl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The influence of Spanish poetry by [[Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)|Garcilaso de la Vega]], [[Jorge de Montemor]], [[Juan Boscán Almogáver|Juan Boscán]], [[Gregorio Silvestre]] and several other names was also detected in many points of his lyric, as his commentator Faria e Sousa pointed out.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luís de Camões e Ausias March |url=http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:52R2HKqj7aMJ:scholar.google.com/+camoes+castelhano |page=178 |publisher=Península — Revista de Estudos Ibéricos (2003) }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Despite the care of the first editor of ''Rimas'', Fernão Rodrigues Lobo Soropita, in the 1595 edition, several apocryphal poems were included. Many poems were discovered over the next few centuries and attributed to him, but not always with careful critical analysis. The result was that, for example, while in the original Rhymes there were 65 sonnets, in the 1861 edition of Juromenha there were 352; in the 1953 edition of Aguiar e Silva 166 pieces were still listed.<ref name="Encyclopædia" /><ref name="Aguiar">{{cite book |last1=Aguiar e Silva |title=Rimas |year=1953 |publisher=UC Biblioteca Geral 1 |pages=V-XIV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5E6KJh5Svj8C&q=camoes |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Juromenha |first1=Visconde de |title=Obras de Luiz de Camões: precedidas de um ensaio biographico no qual se relatam alguns factos não conhecidos da sua vida, augmentadas com algumas composições ineditas do poeta, pelo visconde de Juromenha |date=1861 |publisher=Imprensa nacional |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVHPs5lzDiYC&q=%22camoes%22&pg=PA1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> In addition, many editions modernized or "embellished" the original text, a practice that was particularly pronounced after the 1685 edition of Faria e Sousa, giving rise to and rooting a tradition of its own in this adulterated lesson that caused enormous difficulties for critical study. More scientific studies only began to be undertaken at the end of the 19th century, with the contribution of [[Wilhelm Storck]] and [[Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos]], who discarded several apocryphal compositions. At the beginning of the 20th century, work continued with José Maria Rodrigues and Afonso Lopes Vieira, who published Rimas in 1932 in an edition they called "crítica" ("criticism"), although it did not deserve the name: it adopted large parts of Faria and Sousa's lesson, but editors claimed to have used the original editions, from 1595 and 1598. On the other hand, they definitely raised the issue of textual fraud that had been perpetuating for a long time and had tampered with the poems to the point of becoming unrecognizable.<ref name="Aguiar" /> One example is enough:

*1595 edition: "''Aqui, ó Ninfas minhas, vos pintei / Todo de amores um jardim suave; / Das aves, pedras, águas vos contei, / Sem me ficar bonina, fera ou ave.''"
*1685 edition: "''Aqui, fremosas ninfas, vos pintei / Todo de amores um jardim suave; / De águas, de pedras, de árvores contei, / De flores, de almas, feras, de uma, outra ave.''"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aguiar e Silva |title=Rimas |year=1953 |publisher=UC Biblioteca Geral 1 |page=IX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5E6KJh5Svj8C&q=camoes |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

It seems impossible to reach a definitive result in this purge. However, enough authentic material survives to guarantee his position as the best Portuguese lyricist and the greatest Renaissance poet in Portugal.<ref name="Encyclopædia" />
[[File:Camoes - comedia de filodemo.jpg|thumb|220px|Cover of the 1615 edition of ''Filodemo'']]