Editing Lê Duẩn (section)

==== Relations with China ====
{{further|China–Vietnam relations}}
[[File:Le-Duan & Mao.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Lê Duẩn with [[Mao Zedong]] (1964)]]
During the Vietnam War, the Chinese claimed that the Soviet Union would betray North Vietnam. [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Premier]] [[Zhou Enlai]] told Lê Duẩn that the Soviets would lie to them to improve its relationship with the United States. According to Zhou this policy was enacted following [[Alexei Kosygin]]'s departure from Vietnam in 1965. Lê Duẩn did not accept this view and at the [[23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|23rd Party Congress]] (which China boycotted) he referred to the Soviet Union as a "second motherland". Because of his statement, China immediately began to cut its aid to North Vietnam. According to the first secretary at the Soviet embassy to China, the North Vietnamese saw the Chinese actions as an attack on them. At the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party]]'s 45th anniversary, instead of a communique by Hồ Chí Minh, Phạm Văn Đồng and Lê Duẩn as had happened at the 44th anniversary, the Vietnamese Central Committee offered official greetings, but without signatures from top-level officials.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|pp=34–35}}

Relations between the two countries further deteriorated following the China/US rapprochement. The North Vietnamese, who were still fighting the Americans, felt betrayed. At the CPV Politburo meeting on 16 July 1971, the North Vietnamese agreed that Chinese policy towards the United States was like a "torpedo" directed against North Vietnam. Zhou was told by Phạm Văn Đồng and Lê Duẩn that US President [[Richard Nixon]]'s upcoming [[1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China|visit to China]] was "against the interests of Vietnam". Later, in November, Phạm asked the Chinese to cancel Nixon's visit; the Chinese refused. The North Vietnamese began to doubt China and they hid information about North Vietnam's next planned military offensive. The Sino/US rapprochement did not hurt Sino/Vietnamese relations in the long run, because the Soviet Union also eventually reconciled with the US.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|pp=69–70}}

Chinese and North Vietnamese documents state that relations between them worsened in 1973–75. A [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)|Vietnamese]] document claimed that China hindered the eventual reunification, while Chinese documents claimed that the source of the conflict was Vietnamese policy towards the [[Spratly Islands|Spratly]] and the [[Paracel Islands]]. However, the core issue for the Chinese was to minimize Vietnam's cooperation with the Soviets. Increasing Soviet/Vietnamese cooperation left China ambivalent about reunification.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=97}}

During Lê Duẩn's China visit in June 1973, Zhou told him that North Vietnam should adhere to the Paris Peace Accords. Following the signing, Lê Thanh Nghị stated that the direction of Vietnam's communism was directly linked to its relations with the Soviet Union. The Chinese opposed immediate reunification and to that end, began making economic agreements with the [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam|Provisional Revolutionary (Communist) Government of South Vietnam]] (PRGSV). PRGSV head [[Nguyễn Hữu Thọ]] was treated well by the Chinese. This policy further damaged relations. China and Vietnam drifted further apart; eventual Chinese aid did not improve relations.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=98}}

Lê Thanh unsuccessfully visited China in August 1975 to seek aid. On 22–28 September, Lê Duẩn and Lê Thanh visited China in a second attempt. During the visit the Vietnamese wanted to assure the Chinese they were interested in maintaining good relations with both China and the Soviet Union. [[Deng Xiaoping]] stated that both superpowers acted as imperialists and sought [[hegemony]]. Lê Duẩn in a speech did not mention the Soviet Union by name, but noted that Vietnam had succeeded because of help from other socialist countries, meaning the Eastern bloc. Two agreements were signed, but no non-refundable aid agreement was made.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=117}} No joint communique was issued and Lê Duẩn left earlier than planned.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=118}} According to Anne Gilks, the Sino/Vietnamese alliance effectively ended with the [[Fall of Saigon]].{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=100}} Relations with China further deteriorated; several leading pro-Chinese communists were purged from the party.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=119}}

Lê Duẩn visited China from 20 to 25 November 1977 to seek aid. [[List of general secretaries and chairmen of the Communist Party of China|CPC Chairman]] [[Hua Guofeng]] stated that Sino/Vietnamese relations had deteriorated because they held different principles. Hua insisted that China could not help Vietnam because of its own economic difficulties and differences in principles. Lê Duẩn countered that the only difference was how they viewed the Soviet Union and the United States.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=123}} Following his visit, China's state-run [[Xinhua|Xinhua News Agency]] condemned COMECON. China halted all economic development projects between May and July 1978.{{sfn|Europa Publications|2002|pp=1419–1420}} During this period total Chinese aid to Vietnam amounted to $300 million.{{sfn|Võ|1990|p=98}}