Editing Kingston upon Hull (section)

==Geography==
{{See also|List of areas in Kingston upon Hull}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!Place
!Distance
!Direction
!Relation
|-
|[[London]]
|{{convert|155|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from City of London to Hull|url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-city-of-london-to-hull |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Distance Calculator}}</ref>
|South
|[[Capital city]]
|-
|[[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]]
|{{convert|37|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from Hull to Lincoln |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Hull-to-Lincoln-2 |access-date=10 November 2022|website=Distance Calculator}}</ref>
|South
|Nearby city
|-
|[[Doncaster]]
|{{convert|36|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from Hull to Doncaster |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-hull-to-doncaster |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Distance Calculator}}</ref>
|South-west
|Nearby city
|-
|[[York]]
|{{convert|34|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from Hull to York |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-hull-to-york |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Distance Calculator}}</ref>
|North-west
|Historic [[county town]]
|-
|[[Beverley]]
|{{convert|8|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Hull-to-Beverley|title=Distance from Hull to Beverley |access-date=10 November 2022|website=Distance Calculator}}</ref>
|North
|County town
|-
|[[Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire|Brough]]
|12 miles (19&nbsp;km) 
|West
|Town
|}
[[File:Mouth of the River Hull, Kingston upon Hull May24.jpg|thumb|The [[River Hull]] [[River Hull tidal surge barrier|tidal barrier]] and the Millennium Bridge]]
Kingston upon Hull is on the northern bank of the [[Humber Estuary]].<ref name="enc_brit"/> The city centre is west of the River Hull and close to the Humber.<ref name="enc_brit"/> The city is built upon [[alluvium|alluvial]] and glacial deposits which overlie chalk rocks but the underlying chalk has no influence on the topography. The land within the city is generally very flat and is only 2 to 4&nbsp;metres (6.5 to 13&nbsp;ft) [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Because of the relative flatness of the site there are few physical constraints upon building and many open areas are the subject of pressures to build.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/PLANNING/PLANNING%20POLICY/HULL%20DEVELOPMENT%20FRAMEWORK/SAVED%20LOCAL%20PLAN/LP02.PDF
|title = Hull City Plan. Written Statement
|publisher = Hull City Council
|date = May 2000
|access-date = 15 March 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311013213/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/PLANNING/PLANNING%20POLICY/HULL%20DEVELOPMENT%20FRAMEWORK/SAVED%20LOCAL%20PLAN/LP02.PDF
|archive-date = 11 March 2008
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The parishes of [[Drypool]], [[Marfleet]], [[Sculcoates]], and most of Sutton parish, were absorbed within the borough of Hull in the 19th and 20th&nbsp;centuries. Much of their area has been built over, and socially and economically they have long been inseparable from the city. Only Sutton retained a recognisable village centre in the late 20th&nbsp;century, but on the south and east the advancing suburbs had already reached it. The four villages were, nevertheless, distinct communities, of a largely rural character, until their absorption in the borough—Drypool and Sculcoates in 1837, Marfleet in 1882, and Sutton in 1929.<ref>{{cite book
|url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66792
|title = 'Outlying villages: Introduction', A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull (1969)
|page = 459
|series = [[Victoria County History]]
|access-date = 27 April 2008
|editor-last = Allison
|editor-first = K.&nbsp;J.
|year = 1969}}
</ref> The current boundaries of the city are tightly drawn and exclude many of the [[metropolitan area]]'s nearby villages, of which [[Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire|Cottingham]] is the largest.<ref name="bandb">{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.bedandbreakfastmap.co.uk/england/east-riding-of-yorkshire/kingston-upon-hull.php
 |title       = Hull Bed and Breakfast: Local Information
 |access-date  = 1 January 2009
 |year        = 2009
 |publisher   = BedandBreakfastMap.co.uk
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220160326/http://www.bedandbreakfastmap.co.uk/england/east-riding-of-yorkshire/kingston-upon-hull.php
 |archive-date = 20 December 2008
}}
</ref> The city is surrounded by the rural East Riding of Yorkshire.
[[File:Hull map.jpg|thumb|left|The expansion of Kingston upon Hull]]

Some areas of Hull lie on reclaimed land at or below sea level. The Hull Tidal Surge Barrier is at the point where the River Hull joins the Humber Estuary and is lowered at times when unusually high tides are expected. It is used between 8 and 12 times per year and protects the homes of approximately 10,000 people from flooding.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/northeast/411697/411714/411761/?lang=_e
|title = Hull Tidal Surge Barrier – Facts and Figures
|access-date = 9 November 2006
|publisher = Environment Agency
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060804043254/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/northeast/411697/411714/411761/?lang=_e
|archive-date = 4 August 2006}}
</ref> Due to its low level, Hull is expected to be at increasing levels of risk from flooding due to global warming.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/Yorkshire39s-grim-future-Fires-floods.1282516.jp
|title = Yorkshire's grim future: Fires, floods and drought
|date = 10 December 2005
|access-date = 8 February 2008
|newspaper = The Yorkshire Post
|location = Leeds
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009161602/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/yorkshire-s-grim-future-fires-floods-and-drought-1-2593244
|archivedate = 9 October 2012 }}</ref>

Historically, Hull has been affected by tidal and storm flooding from the Humber;<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1072/1/1072.pdf
|first1 = Y.
|last1 = Zong
|first2 = M.&nbsp;J.
|last2 = Tooley
|year = 2003
|title = A historical record of coastal floods in Britain : frequencies and associated storm tracks
|journal = Natural Hazards
|volume = 29
|issue = 1
|pages = 13–36
|publisher = Durham Research Online, [[Durham University]]
|doi = 10.1023/A:1022942801531
|bibcode = 2003NatHa..29...13Z
|s2cid = 140682841
|access-date = 17 August 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006160334/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1072/1/1072.pdf
|archive-date = 6 October 2011
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> the last serious floods were in the 1950s, in 1953, 1954 and the winter of 1959.<ref>{{cite journal
|url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1961/may/01/flooding-hull
|series = [[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]
|date = 1 May 1961
|volume = 639
|at = cc1087-98
|title = Flooding, Hull
|journal = House of Commons Sittings, Orders of the Day
|access-date = 17 August 2011
|archive-date = 20 January 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120005319/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1961/may/01/flooding-hull
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

Many areas of Hull were flooded during the [[June 2007 United Kingdom floods]],<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.coulthard.org.uk/hullfloods.html
|title = Hull Floods, June 2007
|first = Tom
|last = Coulthard
|work = coulthard.org.uk
|access-date = 25 February 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130110075033/http://www.coulthard.org.uk/hullfloods.html
|archive-date = 10 January 2013
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> with 8,600 homes and 1,300 businesses affected.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/sustainability/waterresources/rpt_com_hullflood2007wrc.pdf
|page = 3
|title = Hull Flooding June 2007: Expert Opinion
|publisher = [[Water Services Regulation Authority]] (OFWAT)
|date = 18 January 2008
|first1 = Andy
|last1 = Drinkwater
|first2 = Nick
|last2 = Orman
|first3 = John
|last3 = Wood
|access-date = 11 November 2019
|archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150604015123/http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/sustainability/waterresources/rpt_com_hullflood2007wrc.pdf
|archive-date = 4 June 2015
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Further flooding occurred in 2013, resulting in a new flood defence scheme to protect homes and businesses, stretching {{convert|4|miles}} from [[St Andrews Quay retail park|St Andrews Quay Retail Park]] to [[Victoria Dock, Hull|Victoria Dock]], linking to other defences at [[Paull]] and [[Hessle]]. Started in 2016, it was completed in early 2021.<ref>{{cite news
 | last = Campbell
 | first = James
 | title = Hull homes safeguarded from flooding as city defences finished
 | url = https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/flooding-hull-flood-defences-marina-5221440
 | accessdate = 17 April 2021
 | work = Hull Daily Mail
 | date = 24 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 | title = Hull flood defences leave city 'better protected'
 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-56511123
 | accessdate = 17 April 2021
 | work = BBC News
 | date = 24 March 2021}}</ref> The scheme was officially opened on 3 March 2022, by [[Rebecca Pow]].<ref>{{cite news
 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-60604650
 | title = Hull flood defence wall costing £42m officially opened
 | date = 3 March 2022
 | work = BBC News
 | accessdate = 3 March 2022}}</ref>

At around 00:56 GMT on 27 February 2008, Hull was {{convert|30|mi|km|0}} north of the [[epicentre]] of an [[2008 Lincolnshire earthquake|earthquake]] measuring 5.3 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter Scale]] which lasted for nearly 10 seconds. This was an unusually large earthquake for this part of the world.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7266136.stm
|title = Earthquake felt across much of UK
|date = 27 February 2008
|access-date = 27 February 2008
|work = BBC News
|publisher = BBC}}
</ref> Another notable quake occurred early in the morning of 10 June 2018.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-44428360
|title = Earthquake near Hull and Grimsby 'felt 100&nbsp;km away'
|date = 10 June 2018
|access-date = 9 September 2018
|work = BBC News
|publisher = BBC}}</ref>

===Climate===
Located in [[Northern England]], Hull has a temperate maritime climate which is dominated by the passage of mid-latitude depressions. The weather is very changeable from day to day and the warming influence of the [[Gulf Stream]] makes the region mild for its latitude. Locally, the area is sunnier than most areas this far north in the British Isles, and also considerably drier, due to the rain shadowing effect of the Pennines. It is somewhat warmer than west coast areas at a similar latitude such as [[Liverpool]] in summer due to stronger shielding from maritime air but also colder in winter and North Sea breezes keep the city cooler than inland areas during summer. It is also one of the most northerly areas where the July average maximum temperature exceeds {{convert|21.5|C|F}}, although this appears to be very localised around the city. Flooding in June 2007 caused significant damage to areas of the city. Droughts and heatwaves also occur such as in 2003, 2006 and recently in 2018.<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/eengland/7100_1km/MaxTemp_Average_1971-2000_7.gif
 |title       = July average maximum map
 |access-date  = 1 March 2011
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110409010351/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/eengland/7100_1km/MaxTemp_Average_1971-2000_7.gif
 |archive-date = 9 April 2011
}}
</ref>

The absolute maximum temperature recorded is {{convert|36.9|C|F}},<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/maxtemp_map.php?date=2022-07-19
|title = Maximum Temperatures observed on 19th July 2022 at 18Z (SYNOP)/21Z (MIDAS) UTC (263 reports).
|access-date = 2 February 2023
}}</ref> set in July 2022. Typically, the warmest day should reach {{convert|28.8|C|F}},<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TXx&stationid=273
|title = Annual average highest maximum
|access-date = 3 December 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023141/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TXx&stationid=273
|archive-date = 4 March 2016
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> though slightly over 10 days<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=SU&stationid=273
|title = annual >25c days
|access-date = 3 December 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234636/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=SU&stationid=273
|archive-date = 3 March 2016
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> should achieve a temperature of {{convert|25.1|C|F}} or more in an "average" year. All averages refer to the 1991–2020 period.<ref name="MO"/>

The absolute minimum temperature is {{convert|-11.1|C|F}},<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=273
|title = 1982 minimum
|access-date = 1 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507121846/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=273
|archive-date = 7 May 2012
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> recorded during January 1982. Winters are generally mild for the latitude with snow only occurring a couple of times a year on average and mostly only staying for a day or two before melting. It is frequently cloudy and the North Sea winds make it feel colder than it actually is. An average of 32.5 nights should report an air frost. Heavy snowfalls do occasionally occur such as in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finch |first1=Ivana |title=Deep freeze 2 is predicted as experts explain weather system |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=9 February 2023 |page=4 |quote=Another SSW (Sudden Stratospheric Warming) led to the month-long "Deep Freeze" in 2010 which saw thick snow on the ground for weeks, even in low-lying areas.|issn=1741-3419}}</ref>

On 23 November 1981, during the record-breaking [[1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak|nationwide tornado outbreak]], Hull was struck by two tornadoes which passed through, and caused damage to residential buildings across the north-eastern suburbs of Hull and uprooted trees.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=M. W. |last2=Meaden |first2=G. T. |title=Britain's Greatest Tornado Outbreak|journal=Weather |date=August 1985 |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=234 |doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1985.tb06883.x|bibcode=1985Wthr...40..230R }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three feared dead at sea as storms lash Britain |work=The Times |issue=61090 |date=24 November 1981 |page=2|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

{{Kingston upon Hull weatherbox}}