Editing Kigali (section)

==Economy==
[[File:Kigali skyline closeup 2.jpg|thumb|Buildings in Kigali CBD, including [[Kigali City Tower]] ''(right)''|alt=Photograph of buildings in Kigali CBD]]

Kigali is the [[Financial centre|economic and financial hub]] of Rwanda, serving as the country's main port of entry and largest business centre.<ref name="KigaliSparkles">{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2016/kigali-sparkles-hills |first=Busani |last=Bafana |access-date=11 May 2020 |title=Kigali sparkles on the hills |publisher=[[United Nations]] |work=[[Africa Renewal]]|date=30 March 2016 }}</ref> The NISR does not maintain detailed economic data for subnational entities in Rwanda, but economists have used various measures to estimate the city's output. A 2015 working paper by the World Bank Policy Research unit used the amount of light visible at night in different regions as a proxy for relative [[gross domestic product]] (GDP), and found that the three districts of Kigali represented 42 per cent of Rwanda's total night-light output.{{sfn|Bundervoet|Parby|Nakamura|Choi|2017|p=18}}{{sfn|Bundervoet|Maiyo|Sanghi|2015|pp=21–23}} When translated, this gives a total city GDP of approximately US$1.8&nbsp;billion or $1,619 per capita,{{refn|group=nb|<nowiki>Total GDP calculated as sum of Gasabo, Kicukiro and Nyarugenge districts: $925,037,044 + $537,601,961 + $371,304,245 = $1,833,943,250.</nowiki>{{sfn|Bundervoet|Maiyo|Sanghi|2015|pp=21–23}} Per-capita figure assumes a city population of 1,132,686.{{sfn|NISR|2012a|p=10}}}} compared with a national average of $436 per capita.{{sfn|Bundervoet|Maiyo|Sanghi|2015|pp=21–23}} Another 2015 World Bank study measured the total turnover of registered companies in the country, as reported to the [[Rwanda Revenue Authority]], and found that 92 per cent of these were from the city of Kigali. However, the authors noted that this figure excluded turnover from small-scale farming, and was also inflated for companies headquartered in Kigali with revenue generated elsewhere in Rwanda.{{sfn|World Bank|2016|p=14}} Official statistics classify economic activity as either "farm" or "non-farm", and Kigali accounts for 39 per cent of non-farm waged employees in the country.{{sfn|Bundervoet|Parby|Nakamura|Choi|2017|p=18}}

[[File:Kigali Market (02).jpg|thumb|A market in Kigali|alt=Interior photograph of the market, showing fruit available for sale as well as a hoarding advertising Airtel]]

In 2013, the economy was reported to be dependent on foreign aid and illegal resource extraction from the DRC.{{sfn|Cassimon et al.|2013|p=54}} <!-- "The Kigali economy, which is virtually disconnected from the Rwandan economy as a whole, was largely dependent on mineral and other extraction in the DRC (as well as on international aid)." --> The largest contributor to Kigali's economy is the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]]. The World Bank estimates that services contributed 53 per cent of GDP in 2014,{{sfn|Bundervoet|Parby|Nakamura|Choi|2017|p=18}} while a 2012 study by [[Surbana International Consultants]] put the figure at almost 62 per cent.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=37}} Activity within the service sector includes retail, information technology, transport and hotels, and real estate. The city authorities have prioritised business services for expansion, constructing several modern buildings in the CBD such as the Kigali City Tower. Attracting international visitors is a priority for both the city and the [[Rwanda Development Board]],{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=37}} including leisure tourism, conferences and exhibitions. Kigali is the major arrival point for tourists visiting Rwanda's national parks and tracking [[mountain gorilla]]s,<ref name="KigaliTheNewEvents"/> and has its own sites of interest such as the Kigali Genocide Memorial and ecotourist facilities, as well as bars, coffee shops and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/12/travel/what-to-do-36-hours-in-kigali-rwanda.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Debra |last=Kamin |title=36 Hours in Kigali, Rwanda |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/12/rwanda-build-ecotourism-park-kigali/ |first=Emmanuel |last=Hitimana |publisher=[[Inter Press Service]] |title=Rwanda to Build Ecotourism Park in Kigali |date=2 December 2018 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Expansion of destinations by carrier [[RwandAir]] and building of new facilities such as the [[Kigali Convention Centre]] has attracted events to Kigali including the [[African Development Bank]]'s 2014 Annual General Assembly,<ref name="KigaliTheNewEvents">{{cite news |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/All-roads-lead-to-Kigali-the-new-events-capital-of-East-Africa-/434746-2792616-9qxc8rz/index.html |title=Kigali steadily grows as a hub for meetings, conferences and exhibitions |work=[[The EastAfrican]] |date=18 July 2015 |first=Gilbert |last=Mwijuke |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> and a 2018 extraordinary summit of the [[African Union]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/2018-review-rwanda-track-become-meetings-conferences-hub |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |title=2018 in review: Rwanda on track to become a meetings, conferences hub |access-date=21 May 2020 |date=27 December 2018 |first=Julius |last=Bizimungu}}</ref> [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2020|The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] was held in the city in June 2022, with attendees including [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], and national leaders,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/07/11/18-months-save-world-prince-charles-urges-commonwealth-leaders/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/07/11/18-months-save-world-prince-charles-urges-commonwealth-leaders/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |title=We have 18 months to save world, Prince Charles warns Commonwealth leaders |first=Hannah |last=Furness |date=11 July 2019 |access-date=29 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> having been postponed from June 2020 as a result of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda|the COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/postponement-chogm-2020-due-covid-19 |title=Postponement of CHOGM 2020 due to Covid-19 |date=21 April 2020 |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Nations]] |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

The city's largest employment sector is agriculture, fishing and forestry, representing 24 per cent of the workforce.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=30}} Farmland comprised over 60 per cent of the land within the city's boundaries in 2012,{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=7}} mostly in the outer areas surrounding the urban core.{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=47}} As is the case nationwide,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-agricultural-revolution-is-not-the-success-it-claims-to-be-86712 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=13 December 2017 |title=Rwanda's agricultural revolution is not the success it claims to be |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> much of the agriculture in Kigali is subsistence farming on small plots, but there are some larger modern farms close to the city, particularly in Gasabo district, which has the highest average area of cultivated land per household in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistics.gov.rw/file/1686/download?token=Iy1lSSWB |access-date=30 April 2020 |title=EICV3 District Profile: Kigali – Gasabo |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] |year=2012}}</ref> Other major employment areas in the city are government, which comprises 12 per cent of the workforce, transportation and communication, construction, and manufacturing. The NISR classifies 21 per cent of the workforce as being employed in "other services" such as utilities and financial services,{{sfn|REMA|2013|p=30}} the latter including banking, pensions, insurance, microfinance,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Rwanda Development Board]] |title=Investment opportunities: Financial services |access-date=11 May 2020 |url=https://rdb.rw/investment-opportunities/financial-services/}}</ref> and the [[Rwanda Stock Exchange]], which launched in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rse.rw/About-Us/Vision-Mission-and-Values/ |publisher=[[Rwanda Stock Exchange]] |title=Vision, Mission, and Values |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

Industry in Kigali formed only 14 per cent of the city's GDP in 2014, focused on a small industrial zone set up in the 1970s.{{sfn|Bundervoet|Parby|Nakamura|Choi|2017|p=18}} Challenges for the sector include the high cost of importing raw materials into a land-locked country, as well as substandard infrastructure and a lack of skilled workers.<ref name="FT">{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4fd23ff8-ded6-11e4-b9ec-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4fd23ff8-ded6-11e4-b9ec-00144feab7de |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=[[Financial Times]] |first=Katrina |last=Manson |title=Businesses relocate to Rwanda's new Special Economic Zone |date=24 April 2015 |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> In 2011, the parliament passed a law establishing [[special economic zone]]s in Rwanda,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/67988 |title=Kigali Special Economic Zone ready, official says |date=1 August 2013 |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}</ref> the first of which was established in 2014 on Masoro Hill in Gasabo district, close to Kigali International Airport.<ref name="KSEZI">{{cite news |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |date=1 June 2017 |access-date=11 May 2020 |title=Kigali Special Economic Zone impacts Rwanda's industrial growth |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/advertorial/913}}</ref> Companies operating within the zone benefit from good infrastructure, availability of land and transport links, as well as tax breaks. It attracted 61 businesses in its first year of operation, manufacturing products such as paper and foam mattresses.<ref name="FT"/> As the zone grew over subsequent years, further businesses relocated there from other parts of the capital such as the Gikondo Industrial Park.<ref name="KSEZI"/> The city sits close to deposits of [[cassiterite]], an ore used to obtain [[tin]], as well as [[tungsten]]. Cassiterite is mined in the town of [[Rutongo]], around {{convert|10|km|mi}} north of Kigali,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cassiterite from Nyamiumba Mine, Rutongo area, Kigali City Province, Rwanda |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=[[Mindat.org]] |url=https://www.mindat.org/locentry-687173.html}}</ref> while tungsten is mined at [[Nyakabingo]], a similar distance away.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=[[Mindat.org]] |title=Nyakabingo Mine, Kigali, Kigali City Province, Rwanda |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-636.html}}</ref> Much of the raw mineral is exported out of Rwanda for processing, but there are some local processing facilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rwandatoday.africa/business/Despite-pressure--govt-will-not-ban-raw-mineral-exports/4383192-4824338-vnnyk2z/index.html |work=Rwanda Today |first=Kabona |last=Esiara |title=Despite pressure, govt will not ban raw mineral exports |date=28 October 2018 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> This includes the [[Karuruma smelter]] in the northern suburbs of Kigali, which was built in the 1980s and was able to produce up to {{convert|1800|tonnes|LT ST}} of pure tin per year as of 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.miningreview.com/event-news/luma-holding-investing-in-a-rwandan-smelter/ |work=Mining Review Africa |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=1 May 2020 |title=Investing in a smelter in Rwanda |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119112813/https://www.miningreview.com/event-news/luma-holding-investing-in-a-rwandan-smelter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>