Editing Kidney stone disease (section)

=== Pathogenic bacteria ===
Some [[bacteria]] have roles in promoting stone formation. Specifically, [[urease-positive]] bacteria, such as ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'' can produce the [[enzyme]] [[urease]], which converts [[urea]] to [[ammonia]] and [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones BD, Mobley HL | title = Proteus mirabilis urease: genetic organization, regulation, and expression of structural genes | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 170 | issue = 8 | pages = 3342–3349 | date = August 1988 | pmid = 2841283 | pmc = 211300 | doi = 10.1128/jb.170.8.3342-3349.1988 }}</ref> This increases the urinary [[pH]] and promotes [[struvite]] stone formation. Additionally, non-urease producing bacteria can provide bacterial components that promote [[calcium oxalate]] crystallization, though this mechanism is poorly understood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chmiel JA, Stuivenberg GA, Alathel A, Gorla J, Grohe B, Razvi H, Burton JP, Bjazevic J | title = High-Throughput in vitro Gel-Based Plate Assay to Screen for Calcium Oxalate Stone Inhibitors | journal = Urologia Internationalis | pages = 616–622 | date = December 2021 | volume = 106 | issue = 6 | pmid = 34883484 | doi = 10.1159/000519842 | s2cid = 245012979 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanlaya R, Naruepantawart O, Thongboonkerd V | title = Flagellum Is Responsible for Promoting Effects of Viable ''Escherichia coli'' on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization, Crystal Growth, and Crystal Aggregation | journal = Frontiers in Microbiology | volume = 10 | pages = 2507 | date = 2019-11-05 | pmid = 31749785 | pmc = 6848068 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02507 | doi-access = free }}</ref>