Editing Jupiter (section)

=== Magnetosphere ===
{{Main|Magnetosphere of Jupiter}}
{{multiple image
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| image1            = PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif
| caption1          = [[Aurora]]e on the [[Jupiter's North Pole|north]] and [[Jupiter's South Pole|south poles]]<br/>(animation)
| image2            = Hubble Captures Vivid Auroras in Jupiter's Atmosphere.jpg
| caption2          = [[Aurora]]e on the north pole<br/>(Hubble). False colour image composite.
| image3            = PIA21033 Juno's View of Jupiter's Southern Lights.jpg
| caption3          = [[Infrared]] view of southern lights<br/>([[Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper|Jovian IR Mapper]]). False colour image.
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<div style="float:right; margin:16px;">
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:11px"
|+ Jovian radiation
! Moon !! [[Roentgen equivalent man|rem]]/day
|-
| Io || 3,600<ref name="ringwald">{{cite web |date=February 29, 2000 |title=SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences) |publisher=California State University, Fresno |last=Ringwald |first=Frederick A. |url=https://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/w08a.jup.txt |url-status=dead |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725050708/https://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/w08a.jup.txt |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>
|-
| Europa || 540<ref name="ringwald"/>
|-
|Ganymede || 8<ref name="ringwald"/>
|-
| Callisto || 0.01<ref name="ringwald"/>
|-
! Earth (Max) !!  0.07
|-
! Earth (Avg) !! 0.0007

|}</div>

Jupiter's [[magnetic field]] is the strongest of any planet in the Solar System,<ref name="worldbook"/> with a [[magnetic dipole moment|dipole moment]] of {{convert|4.170|G|mT|lk=on}} that is tilted at an angle of 10.31° to the pole of rotation. The surface magnetic field strength varies from {{convert|2|G|mT}} up to {{convert|20|G|mT}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Connerney |first1=J. E. P. |last2=Kotsiaros |first2=S. |last3=Oliversen |first3=R. J. |last4=Espley |first4=J. R. |last5=Joergensen |first5=J. L. |last6=Joergensen |first6=P. S. |last7=Merayo |first7=J. M. G. |last8=Herceg |first8=M. |last9=Bloxham |first9=J. |last10=Moore |first10=K. M. |last11=Bolton |first11=S. J. |last12=Levin |first12=S. M. |date=May 26, 2017 |title=A New Model of Jupiter's Magnetic Field From Juno's First Nine Orbits |url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/147221632/Connerney_et_al_2018_Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=2590–2596 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.2590C |doi=10.1002/2018GL077312 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/147221632/Connerney_et_al_2018_Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This field is thought to be generated by [[eddy current]]s—swirling movements of conducting materials—within the fluid, metallic hydrogen core. At about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, the interaction of the magnetosphere with the [[solar wind]] generates a [[bow shock]]. Surrounding Jupiter's magnetosphere is a [[magnetopause]], located at the inner edge of a [[magnetosheath]]—a region between it and the bow shock. The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating the magnetosphere on Jupiter's [[lee side]] and extending it outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. The four largest moons of Jupiter all orbit within the magnetosphere, which protects them from solar wind.<ref name="elkins-tanton"/>{{rp|69}}

The volcanoes on the moon [[Io (moon)|Io]] emit large amounts of [[sulfur dioxide]], forming a gas [[torus]] along its orbit. The gas is [[Ionization|ionized]] in Jupiter's [[magnetosphere]], producing sulfur and oxygen [[ion]]s. They, together with hydrogen ions originating from the atmosphere of Jupiter, form a [[plasma sheet]] in Jupiter's equatorial plane. The plasma in the sheet co-rotates with the planet, causing deformation of the dipole magnetic field into that of a magnetodisk. Electrons within the plasma sheet generate a strong radio signature, with short, superimposed bursts in the range of 0.6–30&nbsp;[[hertz|MHz]] that are detectable from Earth with consumer-grade [[shortwave radio receiver]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brainerd |first=Jim |date=November 22, 2004 |title=Jupiter's Magnetosphere |work=The Astrophysics Spectator |url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterMagnetosphere.html |access-date=August 10, 2008 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004606/https://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterMagnetosphere.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://radiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov/telescope/rj_receivers.htm |website=NASA |title=Receivers for Radio JOVE |date=March 1, 2017 |access-date=September 9, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126034939/https://radiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov/telescope/rj_receivers.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> As Io moves through this torus, the interaction generates [[Alfvén wave]]s that carry ionized matter into the polar regions of Jupiter. As a result, radio waves are generated through a [[cyclotron]] [[Astrophysical maser|maser mechanism]], and the energy is transmitted out along a cone-shaped surface. When Earth intersects this cone, the [[Radio wave|radio emissions]] from Jupiter can exceed the radio output of the Sun.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 20, 2004 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/20feb_radiostorms.htm |title=Radio Storms on Jupiter |last1=Phillips |first1=Tony |last2=Horack |first2=John M. |website=NASA |access-date=February 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213220639/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/20feb_radiostorms.htm |archive-date=February 13, 2007}}</ref>