Editing Judas Iscariot (section)

===Other===
In the ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' of [[Dante Alighieri]], Judas is punished for all eternity in the [[Cocytus#In the Divine Comedy|ninth circle of Hell]]: in it, he is devoured by Lucifer, alongside [[Marcus Junius Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] (leaders of the group of senators that [[assassination of Julius Caesar|assassinated]] [[Julius Caesar]]). The innermost region of the ninth circle is reserved for traitors of masters and benefactors and is named Judecca, after Judas.

In his 1969 book ''Theologie der Drei Tage'' (English translation: ''[[Mysterium Paschale]]''), [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] emphasizes that Jesus was not betrayed but surrendered and delivered up by himself, since the meaning of the Greek word used by the New Testament, ''paradidonai'' (παραδιδόναι, {{langx|la|[[wikt:tradere|tradere]]}}), is unequivocally "handing over of self".<ref>{{cite book
|author=[[Hans Urs von Balthasar]]
|title=Mysterium Paschale. The Mystery of Easter
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ
|translator=[[Aidan Nichols]]
|publisher=Ignatius Press
|location=San Francisco
|year=2000
|edition=2nd
|orig-date=1990
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&dq=paradidonai+tradere+%22handing+over%22+Judas&pg=PT77 77]
|isbn=1-68149348-9
}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=GiOmPwAACAAJ 1990 Edition].</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Power, Dermot
|title=Spiritual Theology of the Priesthood. The Mystery Of Christ And The Mission Of The Priesthood
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GxPe3dhew4C
|publisher=[[A & C Black]]
|location=London
|year=1998
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3GxPe3dhew4C&dq=paradidomi+Balthasar+%22delivering+up%22%22handing+over%22&pg=PA42 42]
|isbn=0-56708595-3
}}</ref> In the "Preface to the Second Edition", Balthasar takes a cue from [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] {{bibleref2-nb|Rev.|13:8|VULGATE;NIV}}{{Cn|date=August 2024}} ([[Vulgate]]: ''agni qui occisus est ab origine mundi'', [[New International Version|NIV]]: "the Lamb who was slain from the creation of the world") to extrapolate the idea that God as "[[immanent Trinity]]" can endure and conquer godlessness, abandonment, and death in an "eternal super-[[kenosis]]".<ref>Hans Urs von Balthasar (2000) [1990] [https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22eternal+'super-Kenosis'%22&pg=PT7 Preface to the Second Edition].</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Hans Urs von Balthasar
|title=Theo-Drama. Theological Dramatic Theory, Vol. 5: The Last Act
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e44KAQAAMAAJ
|translator=Graham Harrison
|publisher=Ignatius Press
|location=San Francisco
|year=1988
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e44KAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22it+must+be+said+that+this%22%22kenosis+of+obedience%22%22must+be+based+on+the+eternal+kenosis+of+the+Divine+Persons+one+to+another%22&pg=123 123]
|quote=it must be said that this "kenosis of obedience"...must be based on the eternal kenosis of the Divine Persons one to another.
|isbn=0-89870185-6
}}</ref> A Catholic priest, Richard Neuhaus, an admitted student of Balthasar, argues that it is unknown if Judas is in Hell, and it is also possible that Hell could be empty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neuhaus |first1=Richard |title=Death on a Friday Afternoon |date=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |page=69}}</ref> However, French [[monsignor]] [[:fr:Léon Cristiani|Léon Cristiani]] considers that Balthasar and Neuhaus are merely recycling the error of [[Origenism]] which includes denying the eternity of Hell "...by a general rehabilitation of the damned, including, apparently, Satan."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cristiani |first1=Msgr. Leon |title=Heresies and Heretics |date=1959 |publisher=Hawthorn Books |page=50}}</ref> This error, while not considered a formal heresy, was condemned at a synod in 548 AD, which was subsequently confirmed by [[Pope Vigilius]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cristiani |first1=Msgr. Leon |title=Heresies and Heretics |date=1959 |publisher=Hawthorn Books |page=51}}</ref>