Editing Josquin des Prez (section)

===France===
[[File:Ludwig XII. von Frankreich.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Josquin probably served under [[Louis XII]], who had captured the Sforzas, his previous employers.]]

Documents found since the late 20th century have shed some light on Josquin's life and works between 1494 and 1503; at some point he was ordained a priest.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|pp=193, 195}}{{sfn|Macey|Noble|Dean|Reese|2011|loc=§5 "France and Italy (1494–1503)"}} In August 1494 he went to Cambrai, as attested by a ''vin d'honneur'' ({{lit|wine of honor}}) record, and he may have returned to Rome soon after.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=191}} From then to 1498 there is no firm evidence for his activities; Fallows suggests he stayed in Cambrai for these four years,{{sfn|Macey|Noble|Dean|Reese|2011|loc=§5 "France and Italy (1494–1503)"}}{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=194}} citing Johannes Manlius's 1562 book ''Locorum communium collectanea'', which associates Josquin with Cambrai's musical establishment.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=194}} This assertion would fit with Josquin's possible youthful connections in Cambrai and later ''vin d'honneur'' there.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=194}} Manlius cites the reformer [[Philip Melanchthon]] as the source for many of his stories, strengthening the authenticity of his Josquin anecdotes; Melanchthon was close to musical figures of his time, including the publisher [[Georg Rhau]] and the composer [[Adrianus Petit Coclico]].{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=194}}

Two letters between members of the [[House of Gonzaga]] and Ascanio Sforza suggest that Josquin may have re-entered the service of the Sforza family in Milan around 1498; they refer to a servant Juschino who delivered the [[hunting dog]]s to the Gonzagas.{{sfn|Macey|Noble|Dean|Reese|2011|loc=§5 "France and Italy (1494–1503)"}}{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=203}} Circumstantial evidence suggests Juschino may have been Josquin des Prez, but he is not known to have been qualified for such a task, and it would be unusual to refer to him as a servant rather than a musician or singer.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=204}} Josquin probably did not stay in Milan long, since his former employers were captured during Louis XII's [[Italian Wars of 1499–1504|1499 invasion]].{{sfn|Macey|Noble|Dean|Reese|2011|loc=§5 "France and Italy (1494–1503)"}} Before he left, he most likely wrote two secular compositions, the well-known frottola ''[[El Grillo (song)|El Grillo]]'' ("The Cricket"), and ''In te Domine speravi'' ("I have placed my hope in you, Lord"), based on [[Psalm 31]].{{sfn|Macey|Noble|Dean|Reese|2011|loc=§5 "France and Italy (1494–1503)"}}{{sfn|Macey|1998|p=155}} The latter might be a veiled reference to the religious reformer [[Girolamo Savonarola]], who had been burned at the stake in Florence in 1498, and for whom Josquin seems to have had a special reverence; the text was Savonarola's favorite psalm, a meditation on which he left unfinished in prison when he was executed.{{sfn|Macey|1998|p=155}}

Josquin was probably in France during the early 16th century; documents found in 2008 indicate that he visited [[Troyes]] twice between 1499 and 1501.{{sfn|Wegman|2008|pp=210–212}} The long doubted account from Hémeré that Josquin had a canonry at Saint-Quentin was confirmed by documentary evidence that he had exchanged it by 30 May 1503.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=196}} Canonries at Saint-Quentin were almost always gifts from the French king to royal household members, suggesting Josquin had been employed by Louis XII.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|p=196}} According to Glarean in the ''Dodecachordon'' of 1547, the motet ''Memor esto verbi tui servo tuo'' ("Remember thy promise unto thy servant") was composed as a gentle reminder to the king to keep his promise of a benefice to Josquin.{{sfn|Macey|Noble|Dean|Reese|2011|loc=§5 "France and Italy (1494–1503)"}} Glarean claimed that on receiving the benefice, Josquin wrote a motet on the text ''Bonitatem fecisti cum servo tuo, Domine'' ("Lord, thou hast dealt graciously with thy servant") to show his gratitude to the king, either Louis XI or Louis XII.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|pp=91–93}}{{sfn|Sherr|2011|pp=449–455}} Although such a motet survives and is mentioned with Josquin's ''Memor esto'' in many sources, ''Bonitatem fecisti'' is now attributed to [[Carpentras (composer)|Carpentras]].{{sfn|Fallows|2020|pp=91–93}}{{sfn|Sherr|2011|pp=449–455}} Some of Josquin's other compositions have been tentatively dated to his French period, such as ''Vive le roy'', and ''In exitu Israel'', which resembles the style of other composers of the French court.{{sfn|Fallows|2020|pp=231–233}} The five-voice ''De profundis'', a setting of [[Psalm 130]], seems to have been written for a royal funeral, perhaps that of Louis XII, [[Anne of Brittany]] or [[Philip I of Castile]].{{sfn|Macey|Noble|Dean|Reese|2011|loc=§5 "France and Italy (1494–1503)"}}