Editing Jealousy (section)

== Contemporary views on gender-based differences ==
According to Rebecca L. Ammon in ''The Osprey Journal of Ideas and Inquiry at UNF Digital Commons'' (2004), the Parental Investment Model based on [[parental investment]] theory posits that more men than women ratify sex differences in jealousy. In addition, more women over men consider emotional infidelity (fear of abandonment) as more distressing than sexual infidelity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ammon|first=Rebecca L.|date=2004|title=The Influence of Biology and Commitment Beliefs on Jealousy Responses|url=https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1016&context=ojii_volumes|journal=The Osprey Journal of Ideas and Inquiry at UNF Digital Commons|volume=All Volumes (2001–2008)}}</ref> According to the attachment theory, sex and attachment style makes significant and unique interactive contributions to the distress experienced. Security within the relationship also heavily contributes to one's level of distress. These findings imply that psychological and cultural mechanisms regarding sex differences may play a larger role than expected. The attachment theory also claims to reveal how infants' attachment patterns are the basis for self-report measures of adult attachment. Although there are no sex differences in childhood attachment, individuals with dismissing behavior were more concerned with the sexual aspect of relationships. As a coping mechanism these individuals would report sexual infidelity as more harmful. Moreover, research shows that audit attachment styles strongly conclude with the type of infidelity that occurred. Thus psychological and cultural mechanisms are implied as unvarying differences in jealousy that play a role in sexual attachment.<ref>Rydell, McConnell, Bringle 2004, p. 10.</ref>
 	
In 1906, ''[[The American Journal of Psychology]]'' had reported that "the weight of quotable (male) authority is to the effect that women are more susceptible to jealousy". This claim was accompanied in the journal by a quote from [[Confucius]]: "The five worst maladies that afflict the female mind are indocility, discontent, slander, jealousy and silliness."<ref>{{cite journal|page=483|journal=[[The American Journal of Psychology]]|volume=17|year=1906|title=Jealousy}}</ref>

Emotional jealousy was predicted to be nine times more responsive in females than in males. The emotional jealousy predicted in females also held turn to state that females experiencing emotional jealousy are more violent than men experiencing emotional jealousy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharpsteen|first1=Don J.|last2=Kirkpatrick|first2=Lee A.|date=1997|title=Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.627|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=72|issue=3|pages=627–640|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.627|pmid=9120787|issn=1939-1315}}</ref>

There are distinct emotional responses to gender differences in romantic relationships. For example, due to [[Fatherhood|paternity]] uncertainty in males, jealousy increases in males over sexual infidelity rather than emotional. According to research more women are likely to be upset by signs of resource withdraw (i.e. another female) than by sexual infidelity.  A large amount of data supports this notion. However, one must consider for jealousy the life stage or experience one encounters in reference to the diverse responses to infidelity available. Research states that a componential view of jealousy consist of specific set of emotions that serve the reproductive role.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} However, research shows that both men and women would be equally angry and point the blame for sexual infidelity, but women would be more hurt by emotional infidelity. Despite this fact, anger surfaces when both parties involved are responsible for some type of uncontrollable behavior, sexual conduct is not exempt. Some behavior and actions are controllable such as sexual behavior. However hurt feelings are activated by relationship deviation. No evidence is known to be sexually [[Sexual dimorphism|dimorphic]] in both college and adult convenience samples.{{clarify|date=February 2019}} The Jealousy Specific Innate Model (JSIM) proved to not be innate, but may be sensitive to situational factors. As a result, it may only activate at stages. For example, it was predicted that male jealousy decreases as females reproductive values decreases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haselton |first1=Martie G. |last2=Gangestad |first2=Steven W. |date=April 2006 |title=Conditional expression of women's desires and men's mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.10.006 |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=509–518 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.10.006 |pmid=16403409 |s2cid=7065777 |issn=0018-506X}}</ref>

A second possibility that the JSIM effect is not innate but is cultural. Differences have been highlighted in socio-economic status specific such as the divide between high school and collegiate individuals. Moreover, individuals of both genders were angrier and blamed their partners more for sexual infidelities but were more hurt by emotional infidelity. Jealousy is composed of lower-level emotional states (e.g., anger and hurt) which may be triggered by a variety of events, not by differences in individuals' life stage. Although research has recognized the importance of early childhood experiences for the development of competence in intimate relationships, early family environment is recently being examined as we age). Research on self-esteem and attachment theory suggest that individuals internalize early experiences within the family which subconsciously translates into their personal view of worth of themselves and the value of being close to other individuals, especially in an interpersonal relationship.<ref>Green, Sabini 2006, p. 11</ref>