Editing James Madison (section)

==Secretary of State (1801–1809)==
{{Main|Presidency of Thomas Jefferson}}
{{Further|Louisiana Purchase|Chesapeake–Leopard affair}}

Madison was one of two major influences in Jefferson's cabinet, the other being Secretary of the Treasury [[Albert Gallatin]]. Madison was appointed Secretary of State despite lacking foreign policy experience.{{sfn|Wills|2002|pages=50–51}}{{sfn|McDonald|1976|pages=36–38}} An introspective individual, he received assistance from his wife,{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=479–480}} relying deeply on her in dealing with the social pressures of being a public figure both in his own Cabinet appointment as Secretary of State and afterward.{{sfn|Montpellier, Life of James Madison}} As the ascent of [[Napoleon]] in France had dulled Democratic–Republican enthusiasm for the French cause, Madison sought a neutral position in the ongoing [[Coalition Wars]] between France and Britain.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=373–374}} Domestically, the Jefferson administration and the Democratic–Republican Congress rolled back many Federalist policies; Congress quickly repealed the Alien and Sedition Act, abolished internal taxes, and reduced the size of the army and navy.{{sfn|McDonald|1976|pages=42–44}} Gallatin, however, convinced Jefferson to retain the First Bank of the United States.{{sfn|Wood|2009|pages=293–296}} Though the Federalist political power was rapidly fading at the national level, Chief Justice [[John Marshall]] ensured that Federalist ideology retained an important presence in the judiciary. In the case of ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', Marshall simultaneously ruled that Madison had unjustly refused to deliver federal commissions to individuals who had been appointed by the previous administration, but that the Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the case. Most importantly, Marshall's opinion established the principle of [[judicial review]].{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=465–466}}

[[File:Louisiana Purchase.png|thumb|upright=1.5|The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled {{convert|827,987|lk=in|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|sp=us}}, doubling the size of the United States.|alt=Map of Louisiana Purchase under Jefferson as supported by Madison.]]

Jefferson was sympathetic to the westward expansion of Americans who had settled as far west as the Mississippi River, supported by his concern for the sparse regional demographics in the far west compared to the more populated eastern states, the far west being inhabited almost exclusively by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. Jefferson promoted such western expansion and hoped to acquire the [[Spain|Spanish]] territory of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]], west of the Mississippi River, for expansionist purposes.{{sfn|Wood|2009|pages=357–359, 366–367}} Early in Jefferson's presidency, the administration learned that Spain planned to retrocede the Louisiana territory to France, raising fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=374–376}} In 1802, Jefferson and Madison sent Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of [[New Orleans]], which controlled access to the Mississippi River and thus was immensely important to the farmers of the American frontier. Rather than merely selling New Orleans, Napoleon's government offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana. Despite lacking explicit authorization from Jefferson, Monroe, along with Livingston, whom Jefferson had appointed as America's minister to France, negotiated the [[Louisiana Purchase]], in which France sold more than
{{convert|827,987|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|sp=us}} of land in exchange for $15 million ({{inflation|US|15,000,000|1803|2021|fmt=eq|r=2}}).{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=382–389}}

[[File:James Madison by Gilbert Stuart.jpg|thumb|left|James Madison as Secretary of State painted by [[Gilbert Stuart]], {{c.|1805–1807}}|alt=Portrait of Madison by Gilbert Stuart]]

Despite the time-sensitive nature of negotiations with the French, Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, and he privately favored introducing a constitutional amendment explicitly authorizing Congress to acquire new territories. Madison convinced Jefferson to refrain from proposing the amendment, and the administration ultimately submitted the Louisiana Purchase Treaty for approval by the Senate, without an accompanying constitutional amendment.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=463–465}} Unlike Jefferson, Madison had no doubts of its constitutionality because agreements between nations (such as the Louisiana Purchase) are treaties, and treaties are specifically authorized by the Constitution.  The President negotiated the treaty, the Senate quickly ratified it, and the House, with equal alacrity, passed enabling legislation, as specified in the Constitution.{{sfn|Ketcham|1990|pages=419–421}}{{sfn|Wills|2002|pages=51–52}}{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=462–463}}

Early in his tenure, Jefferson was able to maintain cordial relations with both France and Britain, but relations with Britain deteriorated after 1805.{{sfn|McDonald|1976|pages=100–101}} The British ended their policy of tolerance towards American shipping and began seizing American goods headed for French ports.{{sfn|Wood|2009|pages=640–642}} They also [[impressment|impressed]] American sailors, some of whom had originally defected from the British navy, but some of whom had never been British subjects.{{sfn|Wills|2002|pages=81–84}} In response to the attacks, Congress passed the [[Non-importation Act]], which restricted many, but not all, British imports.{{sfn|Wood|2009|pages=640–642}} Tensions with Britain were heightened due to the [[Chesapeake–Leopard affair|''Chesapeake–Leopard'' affair]], a June 1807 naval confrontation between American and British naval forces, while the French also began attacking American shipping.{{sfn|Wood|2009|pages=644–649}} Madison believed that economic pressure could force the British to end their seizure of American shipped goods, and he and Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the [[Embargo Act of 1807]], which banned all exports to foreign nations.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=493–495}} The embargo proved ineffective, unpopular, and difficult to enforce, especially in New England.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=494–495}} In March 1809, Congress replaced the embargo with the [[Non-Intercourse Act (1809)|Non-Intercourse Act]], which allowed trade with nations other than Britain and France.{{sfn|Wood|2009|pages=652–657}}

===1808 presidential election===
{{Main|1808 United States presidential election}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege1808.svg|thumb|Following Jefferson's presidency, Madison's 1808 electoral vote results|alt=Election maps by state for election of 1808.]]

Speculation regarding Madison's potential succession to Jefferson commenced early in Jefferson's first term. Madison's status in the party was damaged by his association with the embargo, which was unpopular throughout the country and especially in the Northeast.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=457–458}} With the Federalists collapsing as a national party after 1800, the chief opposition to Madison's candidacy came from other members of the Democratic–Republican Party.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=438–439}} Madison became the target of attacks from Congressman [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]], a leader of a faction of the party known as the [[tertium quids]].{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=434–435}}

Randolph recruited Monroe, who had felt betrayed by the administration's rejection of the proposed [[Monroe–Pinkney Treaty]] with Britain, to challenge Madison for leadership of the party.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=496–497}} Many Northerners, meanwhile, hoped that Vice President Clinton could unseat Madison as Jefferson's successor.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=457–459}} Despite this opposition, Madison won his party's presidential nomination at the January 1808 [[congressional nominating caucus]].{{sfn|Feldman|2017|page=498}} The Federalist Party mustered little strength outside New England, and Madison easily defeated Federalist candidate [[Charles Cotesworth Pinckney]] in the general election.{{sfn|Rutland|1990|page=5}}