Editing Italy (section)

=== Republican era ===
{{Main|History of the Italian Republic}}
Italy became a republic after the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]]<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://archive.org/details/1946-06-06_Damage_Foreshadows_A-Bomb_Test|title=Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946) |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]]|year=1946|access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]''. This was the first time women voted nationally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Italia 1946: le donne al voto, dossier a cura di Mariachiara Fugazza e Silvia Cassamagnaghi |url=http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/35/Voto%20donne%20versione%20def.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520041048/http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/35/Voto%20donne%20versione%20def.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2011|access-date=30 May 2011}}; {{Cite news|title=La prima volta in cui le donne votarono in Italia, 75 anni fa|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2021/03/10/primo-voto-italia-donne-10-marzo-1946|access-date=24 August 2021|work=Il Post|date=10 March 2021|language=it-IT|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823162103/https://www.ilpost.it/2021/03/10/primo-voto-italia-donne-10-marzo-1946|url-status=live}}</ref> Victor Emmanuel III's son, [[Umberto II]], was forced to abdicate. The [[Constitution of Italy|Republican Constitution]] was approved in 1948. Under the [[Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers]], areas next to the [[Adriatic Sea]] were annexed by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], resulting in the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], which involved the emigration of around 300,000 [[Istrian Italians|Istrian]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tobagi|first=Benedetta|title=La Repubblica italiana {{!}} Treccani, il portale del sapere|url=http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001726/http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=28 January 2015|publisher=Treccani.it}}</ref> Italy lost all colonial possessions, ending the [[Italian Empire]].
[[File:Alcide de Gasperi 2.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Alcide De Gasperi]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Italy|first]] republican [[Prime Minister of Italy|prime minister of Italy]] and one of the [[Founding fathers of the European Union]]]]

Fears of a Communist takeover proved crucial in [[Italian general election, 1948|1948]], when the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democrats]], under [[Alcide De Gasperi]], won a landslide victory.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lawrence S. Kaplan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV-ti1sYcbcC|title=NATO 1948: The Birth of the Transatlantic Alliance |last2=Morris Honick|date=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3917-4|pages=52–55|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116110143/https://books.google.com/books?id=UV-ti1sYcbcC|archive-date=16 January 2024|url-status=live}}; {{Cite book|author=Robert Ventresca|title=From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948 |publisher=University of Toronto Press|date=2004|pages=236–37}}</ref> Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of [[NATO]]. The [[Marshall Plan]] revived the economy, which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period called the [[Italian economic miracle]]. In the 1950s, Italy became a founding country of the [[European Communities]], a forerunner of the European Union. From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the ''[[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]]'', characterised by economic difficulties, especially after the [[1973 oil crisis]]; social conflicts; and terrorist massacres.<ref>{{Cite web|year=1995|title=Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi (Parliamentary investigative commission on terrorism in Italy and the failure to identify the perpetrators)|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/report_ital_senate.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819211212/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/report_ital_senate.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=19 August 2006|access-date=2 May 2006|language=it}}; {{In lang|en|it|fr|de}} {{Cite web|title=Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/collections/coll_gladio.htm#Documents|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425182721/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/collections/coll_gladio.htm|archive-date=25 April 2006|access-date=2 May 2006|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Technology / International Relation and Security Network}}; {{Cite web|date=24 June 2000|title=Clarion: Philip Willan, Guardian, 24 June 2000, p. 19 |url=http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/us.terrorism_graun_24jun2000.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329113138/http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/us.terrorism_graun_24jun2000.html|archive-date=29 March 2010|access-date=24 April 2010|publisher=Cambridgeclarion.org}}</ref>

The economy recovered and Italy became the world's fifth-largest industrial nation after it gained entry into the [[G7]] in the 1970s. However, national debt skyrocketed past 100% of GDP. Between 1992 and 1993, Italy faced terror attacks perpetrated by the [[Sicilian Mafia]] as a consequence of new anti-mafia measures by the government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2012|title=New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack|url=https://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013204755/http://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml|archive-date=13 October 2012|access-date=9 February 2019|website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref> Voters—disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and extensive corruption uncovered by the [[Mani pulite|Clean Hands]] investigation—demanded radical reform. The Christian Democrats, who had ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a crisis and disbanded, splitting into factions.<ref>The so-called "Second Republic" was born by forceps: not with a revolt of Algiers, but formally under the same Constitution, with the mere replacement of one ruling class by another: {{Cite journal|last=Buonomo|first=Giampiero|year=2015|title=Tovaglie pulite|journal=Mondoperaio Edizione Online}}</ref> The Communists reorganised as a [[social-democratic]] force. During the 1990s and 2000s, [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right]] (dominated by media magnate [[Silvio Berlusconi]]) and [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left]] coalitions (led by professor [[Romano Prodi]]) alternately governed.

In 2011, amidst the [[Great Recession]], Berlusconi [[Resignation of Silvio Berlusconi|resigned]] and was replaced by the technocratic cabinet of [[Mario Monti]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hooper|first=John|date=16 November 2011|title=Mario Monti appoints technocrats to steer Italy out of economic crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/mario-monti-technocratic-cabinet-italy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319230844/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/mario-monti-technocratic-cabinet-italy|archive-date=19 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2014, [[Matteo Renzi]] became [[Prime Minister of Italy|prime minister]] and the government started constitutional reform. This was rejected in a 2016 [[Italian constitutional referendum, 2016|referendum]] and [[Paolo Gentiloni]] became prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 2016|title=New Italian PM Paolo Gentiloni sworn in|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38295549|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129122857/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38295549|archive-date=29 November 2019|access-date=19 March 2020|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

During the [[European migrant crisis]] of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. Between 2013 and 2018, it took in over 700,000 migrants,<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2018|title=What will Italy's new government mean for migrants?|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231010/https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants|archive-date=1 April 2019|access-date=8 June 2018|work=The Local Italy}}</ref> mainly from sub-Saharan Africa,<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 July 2017|title=African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402002627/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD|archive-date=2 April 2019|access-date=8 June 2018|work=Reuters}}</ref> which put a strain on the public purse and led to a surge in support for far-right or euro-sceptic parties.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Italy starts to show the strains of migrant influx|url=http://www.thelocal.it/20150519/migrant-surge-tests-italys-humanitarian-instincts|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429061446/https://www.thelocal.it/20150519/migrant-surge-tests-italys-humanitarian-instincts|archive-date=29 April 2017|access-date=10 January 2017|work=[[The Local]]}}; {{Cite news|title=Italy's far right jolts back from dead|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/italys-other-matteo-salvini-northern-league-politicians-media-effettosalvini|access-date=10 January 2017|work=Politico|date=3 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119122156/http://www.politico.eu/article/italys-other-matteo-salvini-northern-league-politicians-media-effettosalvini|archive-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> After the [[Italian general election, 2018|2018 general election]], [[Giuseppe Conte]] became prime minister of [[Government of Change|a populist coalition]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 2018|title=Opinion – The Populists Take Rome|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/opinion/populists-rome-five-star-movement.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/opinion/populists-rome-five-star-movement.html|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=2 June 2018|work=The New York Times}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

With almost 200,000 victims, Italy was one of the countries with the most deaths in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellyatt|first=Holly|date=19 March 2020|title=Italy's lockdown will be extended, prime minister says as death toll spikes and hospitals struggle|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/italys-death-rate-reaches-record-high-hospitals-in-lombardy-struggle.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319084719/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/italys-death-rate-reaches-record-high-hospitals-in-lombardy-struggle.html|archive-date=19 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2020|publisher=CNBC}}</ref> and one of the most [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|affected economically]].<ref>[https://www.agi.it/economia/news/2020-04-14/coronavirus-fmi-crisi-economica-8331041/ L'Italia pagherà il conto più salato della crisi post-epidemia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527124958/https://www.agi.it/economia/news/2020-04-14/coronavirus-fmi-crisi-economica-8331041|date=27 May 2020}}, AGI</ref> In February 2021, after [[2021 Italian government crisis|a government crisis]], Conte resigned. [[Mario Draghi]], former president of the [[European Central Bank]], formed a [[Draghi Cabinet|national unity government]] supported by most main parties,<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 February 2021|title=Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56049115|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075829/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56049115|archive-date=19 March 2022|access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> pledging to implement an economic stimulus to face the crisis caused by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2021|title=Mario Draghi's new government to be sworn in on Saturday|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/12/mario-draghis-new-italian-government-to-be-sworn-in-on-saturday|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419104552/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/12/mario-draghis-new-italian-government-to-be-sworn-in-on-saturday|archive-date=19 April 2021|access-date=19 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2022, [[Giorgia Meloni]] was sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 October 2022|title=Who is Giorgia Meloni? The rise to power of Italy's new far-right PM|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63351655|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024023546/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63351655|archive-date=24 October 2022|access-date=24 October 2022|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>