Editing Isocyanate (section)

=== Hazards ===

==== Toxicity ====
Isocyanates can present respiratory hazards as particulates, vapors or aerosols. Autobody shop workers are a very commonly examined population for isocyanate exposure as they are repeatedly exposed when spray painting automobiles<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |title=Airborne Isocyanate Exposures in the Collision Repair Industry and a Comparison to Occupational Exposure Limits |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=329–339 |doi=10.1080/15459624.2012.672871 |pmc=4075771 |pmid=22500941 |year = 2012 |last1 = Reeb-Whitaker |first1 = Carolyn |last2=Whittaker |first2=Stephen G. |last3=Ceballos |first3=Diana M. |last4=Weiland |first4=Elisa C. |last5=Flack |first5=Sheila L. |last6=Fent |first6=Kenneth W. |last7=Thomasen |first7=Jennifer M. |last8=Trelles Gaines |first8=Linda G. |last9=Nylander-French |first9=Leena A.}}</ref> and can be exposed when installing truck bed liners.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2006-149/pdfs/2006-149.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921083248/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2006-149/pdfs/2006-149.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-21 |url-status=live |title=Preventing Asthma and Death from MDI Exposure During Spray-on Truck Bed Liner and Related Applications |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bogaert |first1=Pieter |last2=Tournoy |first2=Kurt G. |last3=Naessens |first3=Thomas |last4=Grooten |first4=Johan |date=January 2009 |title=Where Asthma and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Meet and Differ |journal=The American Journal of Pathology |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2009.071151 |issn=0002-9440 |pmc=2631313 |pmid=19074616}}</ref> Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has slower onset and features chronic inflammation that can be seen on imaging of the lungs. Occupational asthma is a worrisome outcome of respiratory sensitization to isocyanates as it can be acutely fatal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kimber |first1=Ian |last2=Dearman |first2=Rebecca J. |last3=Basketter |first3=David A. |date=2014-07-25 |title=Diisocyanates, occupational asthma and IgE antibody: implications for hazard characterization |journal=Journal of Applied Toxicology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1073–1077 |doi=10.1002/jat.3041 |pmid=25059672 |s2cid=29989837 |issn=0260-437X}}</ref> Diagnosis of occupational asthma is generally performed using [[pulmonary function testing]] (PFT) and performed by [[pulmonology]] or [[occupational medicine]] physicians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3707.pdf |title=Do You Have Work-Related Asthma? A Guide for YOU and YOUR DOCTOR |last=OSHA |access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> Occupational asthma is much like asthma in that it causes episodic shortness of breath and wheezing. Both the dose and duration of exposure to isocyanates can lead to respiratory sensitization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daniels |first=Robert D. |date=2018-02-01 |title=Occupational asthma risk from exposures to toluene diisocyanate: A review and risk assessment |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |language=en |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=282–292 |doi=10.1002/ajim.22815 |issn=0271-3586 |pmc=6092631 |pmid=29389014}}</ref> Dermal exposures to isocyanates can sensitize an exposed person to respiratory disease.

Dermal exposures can occur via mixing, spraying coatings or applying and spreading coatings manually. Dermal exposures to isocyanates is known to lead to respiratory sensitization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bello |first1=Dhimiter |last2=Herrick |first2=Christina A. |last3=Smith |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Woskie |first4=Susan R. |last5=Streicher |first5=Robert P. |last6=Cullen |first6=Mark R. |last7=Liu |first7=Youcheng |last8=Redlich |first8=Carrie A. |date=2006-11-28 |title=Skin Exposure to Isocyanates: Reasons for Concern |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1289/ehp.9557 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1849909 |pmid=17431479}}</ref> Even when the right personal protective equipment (PPE) is used, exposures can occur to body areas not completely covered.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ceballos |first1=Diana M. |last2=Fent |first2=Kenneth W. |last3=Whittaker |first3=Stephen G. |last4=Gaines |first4=Linda G. T. |last5=Thomasen |first5=Jennifer M. |last6=Flack |first6=Sheila L. |last7=Nylander-French |first7=Leena A. |last8=Yost |first8=Michael G. |last9=Reeb-Whitaker |first9=Carolyn K. |date=2011-08-10 |title=Survey of Dermal Protection in Washington State Collision Repair Industry |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene |language=en |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=551–560 |doi=10.1080/15459624.2011.602623 |pmid=21830873 |s2cid=33905218 |issn=1545-9624}}</ref> Isocyanates can also permeate improper PPE, necessitating frequent changes of both disposable gloves and suits if they become over exposed.

==== Flammability ====
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is highly flammable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/methyl_isocyanate#section=Safety-and-Hazards |title=Methyl isocyanate |last=Pubchem |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en |access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> MDI and TDI are much less flammable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isopa.org/media/1613/fs-dealing-with-fires-involving-mditdi-_final_.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919130001/http://isopa.org/media/1613/fs-dealing-with-fires-involving-mditdi-_final_.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-19 |url-status=live |title=Dealing with fires involving MDI and TDI |last=ISOPA |access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> Flammability of materials is a consideration in furniture design.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/flame-retardants-is-your-couch-poisoning-you |title=Is Your Couch Poisoning You? |last=Weiss-Hills |first=Samantha |date=2018-05-28 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en |access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> The specific flammability hazard is noted on the [[safety data sheet]] (SDS) for specific isocyanates.