Editing Isaiah Berlin (section)

===Positive liberty===
Berlin promoted the notion of "[[positive liberty]]" in the sense of an intrinsic link between positive freedom and participatory, Athenian-style democracy.<ref>Isaiah Berlin, "Two concepts of liberty." ''Liberty Reader'' (Routledge, 2017) pp. 33–57 [https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~mjacovid/Two%20Concepts.pdf online].</ref> There is a contrast with "negative liberty." Liberals in the English-speaking tradition call for negative liberty, meaning a realm of private autonomy from which the state is legally excluded. In contrast French liberals ever since the [[French Revolution]] more often promote "positive liberty"{{snd}}that is, liberty insofar as it is tethered to collectively defined ends. They praise the state as an essential tool to emancipate the people.<ref>Michael C. Behrent, "Liberal Dispositions: Recent scholarship on French Liberalism." ''Modern Intellectual History'' 13.2 (2016): 447–477.</ref><ref>Steven J. Heyman, "Positive and negative liberty." ''Chicago-Kent Law Review''. 68 (1992): 81–90. [https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1306&context=fac_schol  online]</ref>